Ancient Roman Republic

Roman Republic
Official name (as on coins): Roma after c. 100 BC: Senatus populusque Romanus  (Latin) (SPQR) ("The Senate and People of Rome")
509 BC–27 BC
Roman consul accompanied by two lictors
Roman provinces on the eve of the assassination of Julius Caesar, 44 BC
Capital		Rome
Languages		Latin (official), various unofficial spoken in certain places including Etruscan, Greek, Hebrew, Aramaic, Syriac, Gallic, Punic, Berber, Iberian
Religion		Roman polytheism
Government		Republic
Consul
•	509–508 BC	Lucius Brutus, Lucius Collatinus
•	27 BC	Gaius Octavianus, Marcus Agrippa
Legislature		Legislative Assemblies
Historical era		Classical antiquity
•	Overthrow of Tarquinius Superbus following the Rape of Lucretia	509 BC
•	Caesar proclaimed dictator for 10 years	47 BC
•	Battle of Actium	2 September 31 BC
•	Octavian proclaimed Augustus	16 January 27 BC
Area
•	326 BC	10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi)
•	200 BC	360,000 km2 (140,000 sq mi)
•	146 BC	800,000 km2 (310,000 sq mi)
•	100 BC	1,200,000 km2 (460,000 sq mi)
•	50 BC	1,950,000 km2 (750,000 sq mi)
Currency		Roman Republican currency
Preceded by Succeeded by Roman Kingdom Etruscan civilization Magna Graecia Ancient Carthage Roman Empire
Today part of		33 countries  Albania  Algeria  Andorra  Austria  Belgium  Bosnia and Herzegovina  Bulgaria  Croatia  Cyprus  France  Greece  Israel  Italy  Lebanon  Liechtenstein  Libya  Luxembourg  Macedonia  Malta  Monaco  Montenegro  Netherlands  Portugal Palestinian Authority  San Marino  Serbia  Slovenia  Spain   Switzerland  Syria  Tunisia  Turkey   Vatican City

Roman consul accompanied by two lictors

The Roman Republic (Latin: Res publica Romana; Classical Latin: [ˈreːs ˈpuːb.lɪ.ka roːˈmaː.na]) was the era of ancient Roman civilization beginning with the overthrow of the Roman Kingdom, traditionally dated to 509 BC, and ending in 27 BC with the establishment of the Roman Empire. It was during this period that Rome's control expanded from the city's immediate surroundings to hegemony over the entire Mediterranean world.

During the first two centuries of its existence, the Roman Republic expanded through a combination of conquest and alliance, from central Italy to the entire Italian peninsula. By the following century, it included North Africa, most of the Iberian Peninsula, and what is now southern France. Two centuries after that, towards the end of the 1st century BC, it included the rest of modern France, Greece, and much of the eastern Mediterranean. By this time, internal tensions led to a series of civil wars, culminating with the assassination of Julius Caesar, which led to the transition from republic to empire.