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Ayyubid Sultanate

Ayyubid Sultanate
الأيوبيون
ئەیووبی
1171–1260a
Ayyubid Sultanate (in pink) after Saladin's death in 1193
Capital Cairo (1174–1250)
Aleppo (1250–1260)
Languages Arabicb
Religion Sunni Islam
Government Sultanate (principality confederation)
Sultan
 •  1174–1193 Saladin (first)
 •  1193–1198 Al-Aziz
 •  1198–1200 Al-Mansur
 •  1200–1218 Al-Adil I
 •  1218–1238 Al-Kamil
 •  1238–1240 Al-Adil II
 •  1240–1249 As-Salih Ayyub
 •  1250–1254 Al-Ashraf
History
 •  Established 1171
 •  Disestablished 1260a
Area
 •  1190 est. 2,000,000 km² (772,204 sq mi)
Population
 •  12th century est. 7,200,000 (estimate)c 
Currency Dinar
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Fatimid Caliphate
Zengid dynasty
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
Today part of  Egypt
 Iraq
 Israel
 Jordan
 Lebanon
 Libya
 Palestine
 Saudi Arabia
 Sudan
 Syria
 Tunisia
 Turkey
 Yemen
aA branch of the Ayyubid dynasty ruled Hisn Kayfa until the early 16th century.
bFor details of the languages spoken by the Ayyubid rulers and their subjects, see Religion, ethnicity and language below.
cThe total population of the Ayyubid territories is unknown. This population figure only includes Egypt, Syria, Upper Mesopotamia, Palestine and Transjordan. Other Ayyubid territories, including Yemen, the Hejaz, Nubia and Cyrenaica are not included.

The Ayyubid dynasty (Arabic: الأيوبيون‎‎ al-Ayyūbīyūn; Kurdish: خانەدانی ئەیووبیانXanedana Eyûbiyan) was a Muslim dynasty of Kurdish origin, founded by Saladin and centered in Egypt. The dynasty ruled much of the Middle East during the 12th and 13th centuries CE. Saladin had been the vizier of Fatimid Egypt before toppling the Fatimids in 1171. Three years later, he proclaimed himself sultan following the death of his former master, the Zengid ruler Nur al-Din. For the next decade, the Ayyubids launched conquests throughout the region and by 1183, they controlled Egypt, Syria, northern Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and the North African coast up to the borders of modern-day Tunisia. Most of the Kingdom of Jerusalem fell to Saladin after his victory at the Battle of Hattin in 1187. However, the Crusaders regained control of Palestine's coastline in the 1190s.

After the death of Saladin, his sons contested control of the sultanate, but Saladin's brother al-Adil became the paramount Ayyubid sultan in 1200, and all of the later Ayyubid sultans of Egypt were his descendants. In the 1230s, the emirs of Syria attempted to assert their independence from Egypt and the Ayyubid realm remained divided until Sultan as-Salih Ayyub restored its unity by conquering most of Syria, except Aleppo, by 1247. By then, local Muslim dynasties had driven out the Ayyubids from Yemen, the Hejaz, and parts of Mesopotamia. After his death in 1249, as-Salih Ayyub was succeeded in Egypt by al-Mu'azzam Turanshah. However, the latter was soon overthrown by the Mamluk generals who had repelled a Crusader invasion of the Nile Delta. This effectively ended Ayyubid power in Egypt; attempts by the emirs of Syria, led by an-Nasir Yusuf of Aleppo, to wrest back Egypt failed. In 1260, the Mongols sacked Aleppo and conquered the Ayyubids' remaining territories soon after. The Mamluks, who expelled the Mongols, maintained the Ayyubid principality of Hama until deposing its last ruler in 1341.


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