Antimony trichloride
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| Names | |||
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Preferred IUPAC name
Antimony trichloride
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Systematic IUPAC name
Trichlorostibane
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| Other names
Antimony(III) chloride, Butter of antimony, Antimonous chloride, Stibous chloride, Trichlorostibine
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| Identifiers | |||
10025-91-9 
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| 3D model (Jmol) | Interactive image | ||
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:74856 
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| ChemSpider |
23199
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| ECHA InfoCard | 100.030.031 | ||
| EC Number | 233-047-2 | ||
| KEGG |
C15235
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| MeSH | Antimony+trichloride | ||
| PubChem | 24814 | ||
| RTECS number | CC4900000 | ||
| UNII |
J281401KK3
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| UN number | 1733 | ||
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| Properties | |||
| Cl3Sb | |||
| Molar mass | 228.11 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | Colorless solid, very hygroscopic | ||
| Odor | Sharp, pungent | ||
| Density | 3.14 g/cm3 (25 °C) 2.51 g/cm3 (150 °C) |
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| Melting point | 73.4 °C (164.1 °F; 346.5 K) | ||
| Boiling point | 223.5 °C (434.3 °F; 496.6 K) | ||
| 601.1 g/100 mL (0 °C) 985.1 g/100 mL (25 °C) 1.357 kg/100 mL (40 °C) |
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| Solubility | Soluble in alcohol, CH2Cl2, phenyls, ether, dioxane, CS2, CCl4, CHCl3, ether, cyclohexane, selenium(IV) oxychloride Insoluble in pyridine, quinoline, organic bases |
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| Solubility in acetic acid | 143.9 g/100 g (0 °C) 205.8 g/100 g (10 °C) 440.5 g/100 g (25 °C) 693.7 g/100 g (45 °C) |
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| Solubility in acetone | 537.6 g/100 g (18 °C) | ||
| Solubility in benzoyl chloride | 139.2 g/100 g (15 °C) 169.5 g/100 g (25 °C) 2.76 kg/100 g (70 °C) |
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| Solubility in hydrochloric acid | 20 °C: 8.954 g/ g (4.63% w/w) 8.576 g/ g (14.4% w/w) 7.898 g/ g (36.7% w/w) |
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| Solubility in p-Cymene | 69.5 g/100 g (-3.5 °C) 85.5 g/100 g (10 °C) 150 g/100 g (30 °C) 2.17 kg/100 g (70 °C) |
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| Vapor pressure | 13.33 Pa (18.1 °C) 0.15 kPa (50 °C) 2.6 kPa (100 °C) |
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| -86.7·10−6 cm3/mol | |||
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Refractive index (nD)
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1.46 | ||
| Structure | |||
| Orthorhombic | |||
| 3.93 D (20 °C) | |||
| Thermochemistry | |||
| 183.3 J/mol·K | |||
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Std molar
entropy (S |
110.5 J/mol·K | ||
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Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
-381.2 kJ/mol | ||
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Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
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-322.5 kJ/mol | ||
| Hazards | |||
| Safety data sheet | ICSC 1224 | ||
| GHS pictograms |
 
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| GHS signal word | Danger | ||
| H314, H411 | |||
| P273, P280, P305+351+338, P310 | |||
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EU classification (DSD)
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 C  N
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| R-phrases | R34, R51/53 | ||
| S-phrases | (S1/2), S26, S45, S61 | ||
| NFPA 704 | |||
| Flash point | Non-flammable | ||
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): | |||
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LD50 (median dose)
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525 mg/kg (oral, rat) | ||
| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): | |||
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PEL (Permissible)
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TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (as Sb) | ||
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REL (Recommended)
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TWA 0.5 mg/m3 (as Sb) | ||
| Related compounds | |||
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Other anions
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Antimony trifluoride Antimony tribromide Antimony triiodide |
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Other cations
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Nitrogen trichloride Phosphorus trichloride Arsenic trichloride Bismuth chloride |
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Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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 (what is ?) |
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| Infobox references | |||
Antimony trichloride is the chemical compound with the formula SbCl3. The soft colorless solid with a pungent odor was known to the alchemists as butter of antimony.
Antimony trichloride is prepared by reaction of chlorine with antimony, antimony tribromide, antimony trioxide, or antimony trisulfide. It also may be made by treating antimony trioxide with concentrated hydrochloric acid.
SbCl3 is readily hydrolysed and samples of SbCl3 must be protected from moisture. With a limited amount of water it forms antimony oxychloride releasing hydrogen chloride:
With more water it forms Sb4O5Cl2 which on heating to 460° under argon converts to Sb8O11Cll2.
SbCl3 readily forms complexes with halides, but the stoichiometries are not a good guide to the composition, for example the (C5H5NH)SbCl4 contains a chain anion with distorted SbIII octahedra. Similarly the salt (C4H9NH3)2SbCl5 contains a polymeric anion of composition [SbCl52−]n with distorted octahedral SbIII.
With nitrogen donor ligands, L, complexes with a stereochemically active lone-pair are formed, for example Ψ-trigonal bipyramidal LSbCl3 and Ψ-octahedral L2SbCl3.
SbCl3 is only a feeble Lewis base, however some complexes are known for example the carbonyl complexes, Fe(CO)3(SbCl3)2 and Ni(CO)3SbCl3.
In the gas phase SbCl3 is pyramidal with an Cl-Sb-Cl angle of 97.2° and a bond length of 233 pm. In SbCl3 each Sb has three Cl atoms at 234 pm showing the persistence of the molecular SbCl3 unit, however there are a further five neighboring Cl atoms, two at 346 pm, one at 361 pm, and two at 374 pm. These eight atoms can be considered as forming a bicapped trigonal prism. These distances can be contrasted with BiCl3 which has three near neighbors at 250 pm, with two at 324 pm, and three at a mean of 336 pm. The point to note here is that the all eight close neighbours of Bi are closer than the eight closest neighbours of Sb, demonstrating the tendency for Bi to adopt higher coordination numbers.
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