Mughal emperors
Babur	1526 – 1530
Humayun	1530 – 1540 1555 – 1556
Akbar	1556 – 1605
Jahangir	1605 – 1627
Shahryar (de facto)	1627 – 1628
Shah Jahan	1628 – 1658
Aurangzeb	1658 – 1707
Muhammad Azam Shah (titular)	1707
Bahadur Shah I	1707 – 1712
Jahandar Shah	1712 – 1713
Farrukhsiyar	1713 – 1719
Rafi ud-Darajat	1719
Shah Jahan II	1719
Muhammad Shah	1719 – 1748
Ahmad Shah Bahadur	1748 – 1754
Alamgir II	1754 – 1759
Shah Jahan III (titular)	1759 – 1760
Shah Alam II	1760 – 1806
Jahan Shah IV (titular)	1788
Akbar II	1806 – 1837
Bahadur Shah II	1837 – 1857
Empire abolished and replaced by British Raj

Abu'l Muzaffar Muhi-ud-Din Muhammad (3 November 1618 – 3 March 1707), commonly known as Aurangzeb or by his regnal title Alamgir ("He who seizes the universe"), was the sixth, and widely considered the last effective Mughal Emperor. He ruled over most of the Indian subcontinent during some parts of his reign, which lasted for 49 years from 1658 until his death in 1707.

Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist and during his reign, the Mughal Empire temporarily reached its greatest extent. During his lifetime, victories in the south expanded the Mughal Empire to more than 3.2 million square kilometres and he ruled over a population estimated as being in the range of 100–150 million subjects, with an annual yearly tribute of £38,624,680 (2,879,469,894 rupees) in 1690.

Aurangzeb's policies abandoned the legacy of pluralism and religious tolerance, which remains a very controversial aspect of his reign and led to the downfall of the Mughal Empire. Rebellions and wars led to the exhaustion of the imperial Mughal treasury and army. He was a strong-handed authoritarian ruler, and following his death the expansionary period of the Mughal Empire came to an end. Nevertheless, the contiguous territory of the Mughal Empire still remained intact more or less until the reign of Muhammad Shah.

Aurangzeb was born on 3 November 1618, in Dahod, Gujarat. He was the third son and sixth child of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal. In June 1626, after an unsuccessful rebellion by his father, Aurangzeb and his brother Dara Shikoh were kept as hostages under their grandparents' (Nur Jahan and Jahangir) Lahore court. On 26 February 1628, Shah Jahan was officially declared the Mughal Emperor, and Aurangzeb returned to live with his parents at Agra Fort, where Aurangzeb received his formal education in Arabic and Persian. His daily allowance was fixed at Rs. 500 which he spent on religious education and the study of history. On 28 May 1633, Aurangzeb escaped death when a powerful war elephant stampeded through the Mughal Imperial encampment. He rode against the elephant and struck its trunk with a lance, and successfully defended himself from being crushed. Aurangzeb's valour was appreciated by his father who conferred him the title of Bahadur (Brave) and had him weighed in gold and presented gifts worth Rs. 200,000. This event was celebrated in Persian and Urdu verses and Aurangzeb said:

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Wikipedia