Shahzada Muhammad Sultan (30 December 1639 – 14 December 1676) was the eldest son of Mughal emperor Aurangzeb and his second wife Nawab Bai. His younger brother Muazzam later became Emperor Bahadur Shah I in 1707.

April 1656, Muhammad Sultan was appointed as Heir Apparent by his father-in-law Abdullah Qutb Shah, Sultan of Golconda and Hyderabad.

After the succession war of the Mughal Empire began in 1657, he joined his father-in-law Shah Shuja, and was appointed as Chief-in-Commander and Principal Counsellor in 1659.

He rejoined his father on February 20, 1660 and was imprisoned at Salimgarh Fort in Delhi, 8 May 1660. He was transferred to and imprisoned at the Gwalior Fort on the orders of his father, from January 1661 to December 1672.

On December 14, 1676 he died in confinement at Salimgarh Prison.

In 1656, during the siege of Golconda negiociations for peace were carried out between Aurangzeb and Abdullah Qutb Shah. For this reason Hayat Bakhshi Begum, the Queen mother of Golconda, visited Aurangzeb and personally entreat him to spare her son. Aurangzeb agreed to restore the kingdom on the payment of one crore of rupees as indemnity and arrears of tribute and the marriage of his daughter with his son. Abdullah objected that the amount was too large, and there was delay in making the final settlement. On 10 April Aurangzeb widrew from Golconda on the orders of Shah Jahan. On 13 April 1656, Muhammad married, by proxy, the second daughter of Abdullah Qutb Shah, named Padishah Bibi. On 20 April, she was brought away from the fort to her husband's camp.

When Aurangzeb was still a prince, he and Prince Shah Shuja, in jealousy, had vowed to unite againt their elder bother Prince Dara Shikoh on their father's death. The vow had been strengthened by each entertaining the other for a week at Agra and betrothing young Muhammad to Shuja's daughter Gulrukh Banu Begum also known as Mah Khanum. Their fathers' quarrel had broken off the match when the pair came of age. Shuja sent secret messages to Muhammad, offering him the throne and the hand of his daughter. On the night of 18 June 1659, Muhammad slipped out of Dogachi with five servants, some gold coins and jewels, and went over to Shuja's camp, and married Gulrukh Banu Begum. In 1660, she fled to Arakan with her father, and died in 1661.

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