Saffarids

Saffarid dynasty
صفاریان
861–1003
Saffarid dynasty at its greatest extent under Ya'qub ibn al-Layth al-Saffar
Capital		Zaranj, in what is now modern-day Afghanistan
Languages		Persian (mother tongue)
Religion		Sunni Islam
Government		Monarchy
Emir
•	861–879	Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar
•	963–1002	Khalaf I
Historical era		Medieval
•	Established	861
•	Disestablished	1003
Preceded by Succeeded by Tahirid dynasty Abbasid Caliphate Samanid dynasty Ghaznavids
Today part of		Countries today  Afghanistan  Iran  Iraq  Kyrgyzstan  Pakistan  Tajikistan  Turkmenistan  Uzbekistan

The Saffarid dynasty (Persian: سلسله صفاریان‎‎) was a Muslim Persianate dynasty from Sistan that ruled over parts of eastern Iran, with its capital at Zaranj (a city now in southwestern Afghanistan).Khorasan, Afghanistan and Sistan from 861 to 1003. The dynasty, of Persian origin, was founded by Ya'qub bin Laith as-Saffar, born in 840 in a small town called Karnin (Qarnin), which was located east of Zaranj and west of Bost, in what is now Afghanistan - a native of Sistan and a local ayyar, who worked as a coppersmith (ṣaffār) before becoming a warlord. He seized control of the Sistan region and began conquering most of Iran and Afghanistan, as well as parts of Pakistan, Tajikestan and Uzbekistan.

The Saffarids used their capital Zaranj as a base for an aggressive expansion eastward and westward. They first invaded the areas south of the Hindu Kush in Afghanistan and then overthrew the Persian Tahirid dynasty, annexing Khorasan in 873. By the time of Ya'qub's death, he had conquered the Kabul Valley, Sindh, , Makran (Balochistan), Kerman, Fars, Khorasan, and nearly reached Baghdad but then suffered a defeat by the Abbasids.

The Saffarid empire did not last long after Ya'qub's death. His brother and successor, Amr bin Laith, was defeated at the Battle of Balkh against Ismail Samani in 900. Amr bin Laith was forced to surrender most of his territories to the new rulers. The Saffarids were subsequently confined to their heartland of Sistan, with their role reduced to that of vassals of the Samanids and their successors.