Monarchs of Korea Balhae
Go 698–719 Mu 719–737 Mun 737–793 Dae Won-ui 793 Seong 793–794 Gang 794–809 Jeong 809–812 Hui 812–817 Gan 817–818 Seon 818–830 Dae Ijin 830–857 Dae Geonhwang 857–871 Dae Hyeonseok 871–894 Dae Wihae 894–906 Dae Inseon 906–926

Balhae (698–926), also known as Bohai or Parhae, was a kingdom in present-day Northeast Asia. Balhae was established by former Goguryeo general Dae Jo-yeong (King Go) in 698 after his defeat of the Tang China at Tianmenling. Balhae's original capital was at Dongmo Mountain in modern Dunhua, Jilin Province. In 742 it was moved to the Central Capital in Helong, Jilin. It was moved to the Northern Capital in Ning'an, Heilongjiang in 755, to the Eastern Capital in Hunchun, Jilin in 785, and back to the Northern Capital in 794. According to a Chinese source, the kingdom had 100,000 households and a population of about 500,000. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Balhae culture was an amalgamation of Chinese, Korean, and indigenous cultures. In 926, the Khitan Liao dynasty conquered Balhae and established the autonomous kingdom of Dongdan ruled by the Liao crown prince Yelü Bei, which was soon absorbed into the Liao, while the southern parts of its territory, and a series of nobilities led by crown prince Dae Gwang-hyeon, were absorbed into Goryeo.

Korean scholars consider Balhae as part of the North–South States Period of Korean history, while Chinese scholars consider Bohai as part of Chinese history.

Balhae was founded in 698 under the name 震, pronounced Jin in Korean and Zhen in Chinese. Jin is the modern Revised Romanization of Korean , the same as the earlier Jin state. However, that kingdom wrote its name as in Chinese character, with the reconstructed Old Chinese pronunciation /*[d]ər/ and the Middle Chinese pronunciation dzyin; King Go's state wrote its name as , with the Middle Chinese pronunciation tsyin. The former state's character referred to the 5th earthly branch of the Chinese and Korean zodiacs, a division of the orbit of Jupiter identified with the dragon. This was associated with a bearing of 120° (between ESE and SE) but also with the two-hour period between 7 and 9 am, leading it to be associated with dawn and the direction east. The latter state's name may have simply been a variant transcription of this or may have intended the second character's meaning of "thunderclap", "shock", "tremor", &c.

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