Mugal Empire

Mughal Empire
گورکانیان (Persian) Gūrkāniyān مغلیہ سلطنت‎ (Urdu) Mug̱liyah Salṭanat
1526–1540 1555–1857
The empire at its greatest extent, in the late 17th and early 18th centuries
Capital		Agra (1526–1540; 1555–1571) Fatehpur Sikri (1571–1585) Lahore (May 1586–1598) Agra (1598–1648) Shahjahanabad, Delhi (1648–1857)
Languages		Persian (official and court language) Arabic (for religious ceremonies) Chagatai Turkic (only initially) Hindustani (Hindi-Urdu) (spoken)
Religion		Sunni Islam (1526–1857) Din-i Ilahi (1582–1605)
Government		Absolute monarchy, unitary state with federal structure, centralized autarchy
Emperor
•	1526–1530	Babur (first)
•	1837–1857	Bahadur Shah II (last)
Historical era		Early modern
•	First Battle of Panipat	21 April 1526
•	Empire interrupted by Sur Empire	1540–1555
•	Death of Aurangzeb	3 March 1707
•	Siege of Delhi	21 September 1857
Area
•	1690	4,000,000 km2 (1,500,000 sq mi)
Population
•	1700 est.	158,400,000
Currency		Rupee, dam
Preceded by Succeeded by Delhi Sultanate Rajput states Bengal Sultanate Deccan sultanates Maratha Empire Bengal Subah Durrani Empire Sikh Confederacy Company rule in India British Raj

The Mughal Empire (Urdu: مغلیہ سلطنت‎‎, translit. Mughliyah Salṭanat) or Mogul Empire, self-designated as Gurkani (Persian: گورکانیان‎‎, Gūrkāniyān, meaning "son-in-law"), was an empire in the Indian subcontinent, founded in 1526. It was established and ruled by a Muslim dynasty with Turco-Mongol Chagatai roots from Central Asia, but with significant Indian Rajput and Persian ancestry through marriage alliances; only the first two Mughal emperors were fully Central Asian, while successive emperors were of predominantly Rajput and Persian ancestry. The dynasty was Indo-Persian in culture, combining Persianate culture with local Indian cultural influences visible in its traits and customs.

The Mughal Empire at its peak extended over nearly all of the Indian subcontinent and large parts of Afghanistan. It was the second largest empire to have existed in the Indian subcontinent, spanning four million square kilometres at its zenith, after only the Maurya Empire, which spanned five million square kilometres. The Mughal Empire began a period of proto-industrialization, and Mughal India became the world's largest economic power, with 24.4% of world GDP, and the world leader in manufacturing, producing 25% of global industrial output up until the 18th century. The Mughal Empire is considered "India's last golden age" and one of the three Islamic Gunpowder Empires (along with the Ottoman Empire and Safavid Persia).