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Colonial Peru

Viceroyalty of Peru
Virreinato del Perú
Viceroyalty of Castile (Spanish Empire)
1542–1824
Cross of Burgundy (Flag of the Viceroyalty of Peru) Coat of arms
Motto
Plus Ultra (Latin)
"Further Beyond"
Anthem
Marcha Real
"Royal March"
Location of the Viceroyalty of Peru: Initial territory 1542–1718 (light green) and final de jure territory 1718–1824 (dark green)
Capital Lima
Cuzco (1821–24)
Languages Official: Spanish (de facto); common: Quechua, Kichwa, Aymara, Puquina.
Religion Roman Catholic
Government Monarchy
King Kings of Spain
Viceroy
 •  1544–46 Blasco Núñez Vela
 •  1821–24 José de la Serna e Hinojosa
Historical era Spanish Empire
 •  Established 1542
 •  Vilcabamba 1572
 •  New Granada 1717
 •  Río de la Plata 1776
 •  Peruvian Declaration of Independence July 28, 1821
 •  Battle of Ayacucho December 9, 1824
Currency Peso
Spanish Real
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Vilcabamba, Peru
Governorate of New Castile
Governorate of New Toledo
Province of Tierra Firme
Governorate of New Andalusia
Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata
Viceroyalty of New Granada
Peru
Free Province of Guayaquil
Chile
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves
Today part of
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Brazil
 Chile
 Colombia
 Ecuador
 Falkland Islands
 French Guiana
 Guyana
 Panama
 Paraguay
 Peru
 Suriname
 Trinidad and Tobago
 Uruguay
 Venezuela

The Viceroyalty of Peru (Spanish: Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima. The Viceroyalty of Peru was one of the two Spanish Viceroyalties in the Americas from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries.

The Spanish did not resist the Portuguese expansion of Brazil across the meridian established by the Treaty of Tordesillas. The treaty was rendered meaningless between 1580 and 1640 while Spain controlled Portugal. The creation during the 18th century of Viceroyalties of New Granada and Rio de la Plata (at the expense of Peru's territory) reduced the importance of Lima and shifted the lucrative Andean trade to Buenos Aires, while the fall of the mining and textile production accelerated the progressive decay of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Eventually, the viceroyalty would dissolve, as with much of the Spanish empire, when challenged by national independence movements at the beginning of the nineteenth century. These movements led to the formation of the modern-day countries of Peru, Chile, Colombia, Panama, Ecuador, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago in the territories that at one point or another had constituted the Viceroyalty of Peru.


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