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Battle of Qadisiya

Battle of al-Qādisiyyah
Part of the Muslim conquest of Persia
Depiction of the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah from a manuscript of the Persian epic Shāh-nāmeh. Source- British Library (MS. I.O.Islamic 3265 (1614) f. 602r).jpg
Depiction of the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah from a manuscript of the Persian epic Shahnameh.
Date 16–19 November 636
Location Al-Qādisiyyah, Persia
Coordinates: 31°35′N 44°30′E / 31.583°N 44.500°E / 31.583; 44.500
Result Decisive Rashidun victory
Territorial
changes
Muslim Rashiduns annex Iraq
Belligerents
Sasanid Empire Black flag.svg Rashidun Caliphate
Commanders and leaders
Rostam Farrokhzād  
Bahman Jadhuyih  
Hormuzan
Jalinus  
Shahriyar bin Kanara 
Mihran Razi
Piruz Khosrow
Kanadbak
Grigor II Novirak  
Tiruyih
Mushegh III  
Javanshir
Nakhiragan
Black flag.svg Sa`d ibn Abī Waqqās
Black flag.svg Al-Muthanna ibn Haritha
Black flag.svg Al-Qa'qa'a ibn Amr at-Tamimi
Black flag.svg Asim ibn Amr
Black flag.svg Abdullah ibn Al-Mutim
Black flag.svg Shurhabeel ibn As samt
Black flag.svg Zuhra ibn al-Hawiyya
Black flag.svg Jarreer bin Abdullah Al-Bijli
Black flag.svg Tulayha
Strength
80,000-200,000
(medieval estimates)
30,000-40,000
Casualties and losses
22,000
(medieval estimate)
8,500

The Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (Arabic: معركة القادسيّة‎‎; transliteration, Ma'rakatu al-Qādisiyyah; alternative spellings: Qadisiyya, Qadisiyyah, Kadisiya, Ghadesiyeh, Persian: نبرد قادسی‎‎; transliteration: Nabard-e Qādsi), fought in 636, was a decisive battle between the Arab Muslim army and the Sassanid Persian army during the first period of Muslim expansion. It resulted in the Islamic conquest of Persia and was key to the conquest of Iraq, which was a Persian territory at that time. The battle also saw the alleged alliance of Emperor Yazdegerd III with Byzantine Emperor Heraclius, who married his granddaughter Manyanh to Yazdegerd as a symbol of alliance.

During the lifetime of Islamic prophet, Muhammad, Persia was ruled by Emperor Khosrau II, who waged a war against the Byzantine Empire to avenge the murder of Emperor Maurice. The Sassanid army invaded and captured Syria, Egypt, and Anatolia, and the True Cross was carried away in triumph. Emperor Heraclius succeeded Phocas in 610 and led the Byzantines in a war of reconquest, successfully regaining territory lost to the Sassanid Empire. He defeated a small Persian army at the final Battle of Nineveh and advanced towards Ctesiphon. After a successful coup by one of Khosrau's sons Kavadh II—Kavadh then ordered the execution of his father along with all his brothers and half-brothers, which included Mardanshah, the favorite son of Khosrau II, who was heir to the Sasanian throne. His next move was to make peace with the Romans and return all captured territories. At the same time Turks had attacked the North of Persia with a massive army. Heraclius ordered his armies to retreat after a pact was signed with the newly appointed Persian Emperor Kavadh II. According to the pact, the True Cross would be given back to Heraclius, and all Byzantine territory that the Persians had captured would be evacuated.


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