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Republic of China (1911-1949)

Republic of China
中華民國
Chunghwa Minkuo
1912–1949
Top: National Emblem (1912–28) Bottom: National Emblem (1928–49)
Top: National Emblem (1912–28)
Bottom: National Emblem (1928–49)
Anthem
(1937–49)
Flag anthem
《中華民國國旗歌》
"National Flag Anthem of the Republic of China"
(1937-49)
Location and maximum extent of the territory claimed by the Republic of China.
Capital
Languages Chinese
Tibetan
Chagatai/Uyghur
Manchu
Mongolian
and other languages
Demonym Chinese
Government Federated semi-presidential republic under Beiyang rule (1912-15, 1916-28)
One-party state under a military dictatorship (1928-49)
President
 •  1912 Sun Yat-sen (first)
(provisional)
 •  1949 Li Zongren (last)
(acting)
Premier
 •  1912 Tang Shaoyi (first)
 •  1949 He Yingqin (last)
Historical era 20th century
 •  Republic proclaimed 1 January
 •  Monarchy abolished 12 February 1912 1912
 •  Beiyang rule from Peking 10 October 1912
 •  Monarchy restored 1 January 1916
 •  Qing monarchy revived 1 July 1917
 •  Nationalist rule from Nanking 18 April 1927
 •  Second Sino-Japanese War 7 July 1937
 •  UN admission 25 October 1945
 •  PRC proclaimed 1 October 1949
 •  Kuomintang Government flee to Taipei, Taiwan 7 December 1949
Area
 •  1912 11,077,380 km2 (4,277,000 sq mi)
 •  1946 9,676,204 km2 (3,736,003 sq mi)
Population
 •  1912 est. 432,375,000 
     Density 39/km2 (101/sq mi)
 •  1920 est. 472,000,000 
     Density 43/km2 (110/sq mi)
 •  1930 est. 489,000,000 
     Density 44/km2 (114/sq mi)
 •  1946 est. 535,418,000 
     Density 55/km2 (143/sq mi)
 •  1949 est. 541,670,000 
     Density 56/km2 (145/sq mi)
Currency
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
Qing dynasty
China
Taiwan
a. 1912 and 1927–49 (although see footnote c immediately below).
b. 1912–28.
c. Chongqing served as capital during the Second Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars (1937–46).
Populations from http://www.populstat.info/Asia/chinac.htm
Republic of China
ROC (Chinese characters).svg
"Republic of China" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
Postal Chunghwa Minkuo
China
Traditional Chinese
Simplified Chinese
Literal meaning Middle or Central State
Tibetan name
Tibetan ཀྲུང་ཧྭ་དམངས་གཙོའི།
་རྒྱལ་ཁབ
Zhuang name
Zhuang Cunghvaz Minzgoz
Uyghur name
Uyghur
جۇڭخۇا مىنگو‎

The Republic of China was a sovereign state in East Asia, that occupied the territories of modern China, and for part of its history Mongolia and Taiwan. It was founded in 1912, after the Qing dynasty, the last imperial dynasty, was overthrown in the Xinhai Revolution. The Republic's first president, Sun Yat-sen, served only briefly before handing over the position to Yuan Shikai, former leader of the Beiyang Army. His party, then led by Song Jiaoren, won the parliamentary election held in December 1912. Song was assassinated shortly after, and the Beiyang Army led by Yuan Shikai maintained full control of the government in Beijing. Between late-1915 and early-1916, Yuan tried to reinstate the monarchy, before abdicating after popular unrest. After Yuan's death in 1916, members of cliques in the former Beiyang Army claimed their autonomy and clashed with each other. During this period, the authority of the republican government was weakened by a restoration of the Qing government.

In 1925, Sun Yat-sen's Kuomintang started establishing a rival government in the southern city of Guangzhou together with the fledgling Communist Party of China. The economy of the north, overtaxed to support warlord adventurism, collapsed in 1927–28. General Chiang Kai-shek, who became KMT leader after Sun's death, started his military Northern Expedition campaign in order to overthrow the central government in Beijing. The government was overthrown in 1928 and Chiang established a new nationalist government in Nanjing. He later cut his ties with the communists and expelled them from the Kuomintang.


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Wikipedia

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