Northern Sudan

Republic of the Sudan جمهورية السودان (Arabic) Jumhūriyyat al-Sūdān
Flag Emblem
Motto: النصر لنا (Arabic) "An-Naṣr lanā" "Victory is ours"
Anthem:  نحن جند الله، جند الوطن Naḥnu Jund Allah, Jund Al-waṭan  (transliteration) We are the Soldiers of God, the Soldiers of the Nation
Sudan in dark green, disputed regions in light green.
Capital and largest city	Khartoum 15°38′N 032°32′E / 15.633°N 32.533°E / 15.633; 32.533
Official languages	Arabic, English
Religion	Islam
Demonym	Sudanese
Government	Dominant-party federal semi-presidential republic
• President	Omar al-Bashir
• Prime Minister	Bakri Hassan Saleh
• First Vice President	Bakri Hassan Saleh
• Second Vice President	Hassabu Mohamed Abdalrahman
Legislature	National Legislature
• Upper house	Council of States
• Lower house	National Assembly
Formation
• Nubian kingdoms	3500 BC
• Sennar dynasty	1504
• Unified with Egypt	1820
• Anglo-Egyptian Sudan	1899
• Independence (from the United Kingdom and Egypt)	1 January 1956
• Current constitution	9 January 2005
• Secession of South Sudan	9 July 2011
Area
• Total	1,886,068 km2 (728,215 sq mi) (15th)
Population
• 2015 estimate	40,235,000 (35th)
• 2008 census	30,894,000 (disputed)
• Density	21.3/km2 (55.2/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2017 estimate
• Total	$186.715 billion
• Per capita	$4,578
GDP (nominal)	2017 estimate
• Total	$115.874 billion
• Per capita	$2,841
Gini (2009)	35.3 medium
HDI (2015)	0.490 low · 165th
Currency	Sudanese pound (SDG)
Time zone	EAT (UTC+3)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Drives on the	right
Calling code	+249
ISO 3166 code	SD
Internet TLD	.sd, سودان.

Sudan (Arabic: السودان‎‎ as-Sūdān, English pronunciation (US) /suˈdæn/, (GB) /suːˈdɑːn/), also known as North Sudan since South Sudan's independence and officially the Republic of the Sudan (Arabic: جمهورية السودان‎‎ Jumhūriyyat as-Sūdān), is a country in Northern Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea, Eritrea, and Ethiopia to the east, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west and Libya to the northwest. It is the third largest country in Africa. The River Nile divides the country into eastern and western halves. Before the Sudanese Civil War, South Sudan was part of Sudan, but it became independent in 2011. Its predominant religion is Islam.

What is now northern Sudan was in ancient times the Kingdom of Nubia, which came under Egyptian rule after 2600 BC.  An Egyptian and Nubian civilization called Kush flourished until 350 AD. Missionaries converted the region to Christianity in the 6th century, but an influx of Muslim Arabs, who had already conquered Egypt, eventually controlled the area and replaced Christianity with Islam. During the 1500s a people called the Funj conquered much of Sudan, and several other black African groups settled in the south, including the Dinka, Shilluk, Nuer, and Azande. Egyptians again conquered Sudan in 1874, and after Britain occupied Egypt in 1882, it took over Sudan in 1898, ruling the country in conjunction with Egypt. It was known as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan between 1898 and 1955.