Mongol conquest of the Jin Dynasty

Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
An illustration of the Battle of Yehuling during the Mongol–Jin War
Date 1211-1234 Location North China, Manchuria Result Mongol victory, destruction of the Jin dynasty
Belligerents
Mongol Empire Khitans (Eastern Liao) Western Xia (1210-1219) Song dynasty (1233-34)	Jin dynasty Co-belligerents: Western Xia (1225-1227)
Commanders and leaders
Genghis Khan Jebe Muqali  † Boal (Bor) Doqolqu Tolui Ögedei Subutai Shi Tianze Zhang Hongfan Zhang Rou Yan Shi Liu Heima (Liu Ni) Xiao Zhala Guo Kan	Wanyan Yongji  † Emperor Xuanzong of Jin Li Ying Moran Jinzhong Emperor Aizong of Jin † Wanyan Heda Puxian Wannu Pucha Guannu Ma Yong Emperor Mo of Jin  †
Strength
Approx 90,000-120,000 horse archers 40,000 Northern Han Chinese defectors 30,000 Khitan defectors Song dynasty lent 300,000 soldiers to the Mongols in 1234 after the death of Genghis Khan.	unknown
Casualties and losses
heavy casualties, most killed at Kaifeng	unknown

Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty
Traditional Chinese	蒙金戰爭
Simplified Chinese	蒙金战争
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Méng Jīn Zhànzhēng

Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin	Méng Jīn Zhànzhēng

Mongol Empire

Jin dynasty Co-belligerents:

The Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, also known as the Mongol-Jin War, was fought between the Mongol Empire and the Jurchen-led Jin dynasty in Manchuria and north China. The war, which started in 1211, lasted over 23 years and ended with the complete conquest of the Jin dynasty by the Mongols in 1234.

The Jurchen rulers of the Jin dynasty collected tribute from some of the nomadic tribes living on the Mongol steppes and encouraged rivalries among them. When the Mongols were unified under Khabul in the 12th century, the Jurchens encouraged the Tatars to destroy them, but the Mongols were able to drive Jin forces out of their territory. The Tatars eventually captured Khabul's successor, Ambaghai, and handed him over to the Jin imperial court. Emperor Xizong of the Jin dynasty ordered had Ambaghai executed by crucifixion (nailed to a wooden mule). The Jin dynasty also conducted regular punitive expeditions against the Mongol nomads, either enslaving or killing them.

In 1210, a delegation arrived at the court of Genghis Khan (r. 1206-27) to proclaim the ascension of Wanyan Yongji to the Jin throne and demanded the submission of the Mongols as a vassal state. Because the Jurchens defeated the powerful steppe nomads and allied with the Keraites and the Tatars, they claimed sovereignty over all the tribes of the steppe. High court officials in the Jin government defected to the Mongols and urged Genghis Khan to attack the Jin dynasty. But fearful of a trap or some other nefarious scheme, Genghis Khan refused. Upon receiving the order to demonstrate submission, Genghis Khan reportedly turned to the south and spat on the ground; then he mounted his horse, and rode toward the north, leaving the stunned envoy choking in his dust. His defiance of the Jin envoys was tantamount to a declaration of war between the Mongols and Jurchens.

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Wikipedia