Kingdom of Romania
| Kingdom of Romania | ||||||
| Regatul României | ||||||
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Motto Nihil Sine Deo "Nothing without God" |
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Anthem Trăiască Regele "Long live the King" |
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.svg) The Kingdom of Romania in 1939.
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| Capital |
Bucharest (1881–1916 / 1918–47) Iași (1916–18) |
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| Languages | Romanian | |||||
| Religion | Romanian Orthodox | |||||
| Government |
Constitutional monarchy (1881–1938, 1944–47) Absolute monarchy (1938–40) Fascist dictatorship (1940–41) Military dictatorship (1941–44) |
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| King | ||||||
| • | 1881–1914 | Carol I | ||||
| • | 1914–1927 | Ferdinand I | ||||
| • | 1927–1930 | Michael I (1st reign) | ||||
| • | 1930–1940 | Carol II | ||||
| • | 1940–1947 | Michael I (2nd reign) | ||||
| Prime Minister | ||||||
| • | 1881 | Ion Brătianu (first) | ||||
| • | 1940–1944 | Ion Antonescu[a] | ||||
| • | 1946–1947 | Petru Groza (last) | ||||
| Legislature | Parliament | |||||
| • | Upper house | Senate | ||||
| • | Lower house | Chamber of Deputies | ||||
| Historical era | Belle Époque / World War I / Interwar period / World War II | |||||
| • | Proclamation | 14 March 1881 | ||||
| • | Treaty of Trianon | 4 June 1920 | ||||
| • | Constitution adopted | 29 March 1923 | ||||
| • | Coup d'état of 1944 | 23 August 1944 | ||||
| • | Soviet occupation | 12 September 1944 | ||||
| • | Republic proclaimed | 30 December 1947 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| • | 1915[b] | 138,000 km² (53,282 sq mi) | ||||
| • | 1940[b][c] | 295,049 km² (113,919 sq mi) | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| • | 1915[b] est. | 7,900,000 | ||||
| Density | 57.2 /km² (148.3 /sq mi) | |||||
| • | 1940[b][c] est. | 20,058,378 | ||||
| Density | 68 /km² (176.1 /sq mi) | |||||
| Currency | Romanian Leu | |||||
| Today part of |
 Bulgaria Moldova Romania Ukraine
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| a. ^ Was formally declared Conducător (literally, "Leader") of the state on 6 September 1940, by a royal decree which consecrated a ceremonial role for the monarch. b. ^ Area and population according to Ioan Suciu, Istoria contemporana a României (1918–2005). c. ^ The indicator for the localities of Romania (1941). |
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The Kingdom of Romania (Romanian: Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy which existed between 13 March 1881 and 30 December 1947, specified by the first three Constitutions of Romania (1866, 1923, 1938). The Kingdom of Romania began with the reign of King Carol I of Romania who gained Romanians' independence from the Ottoman Empire in the Romanian War of Independence (part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-1878), and ended with the abdication of King Michael I of Romania on 30 December 1947, imposed by the Soviet Union with the tacit and secret, implicit consent of its allies (as a result of the Yalta Conference and secret agreements). As such, it is quite distinct from the Romanian Old Kingdom, which refers strictly to the reign of King Carol I of Romania, between 14 March (O.S.) (27 March (N.S.)) 1881 and 27 September (O.S.) (10 October (N.S.)) 1914.
From 1859 to 1877, Romania evolved from a personal union of two vassal principalities (Moldavia and Wallachia) under a single prince to a full-fledged independent kingdom with a Hohenzollern monarchy. During 1918-20, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Eastern Moldavia (Bessarabia), and Bukovina were united with the Kingdom of Romania, resulting in a "Greater Romania". In 1940, Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Northern Transylvania, and Southern Dobruja were ceded, following the Soviet Union's ultimatum to Romania and the Dictate of Vienna imposed by Nazi Germany, to the Soviet Union, Hungary and Bulgaria respectively, with only Northern Transylvania being recovered after World War II ended. In 1947 King Michael was compelled to abdicate and a socialist republic ruled by the Romanian Communist Party replaced the monarchy.
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