Jin dynasty | ||||||||||||||||||
金朝 |
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Jin dynasty (blue) circa 1141
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Capital |
Huining Prefecture (1122–1153) Zhongdu (1153–1214) Kaifeng (1214–1233) Caizhou (1233–1234) |
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Languages | Middle Chinese, Jurchen, Khitan | |||||||||||||||||
Religion |
Buddhism, Daoism, Confucianism, Chinese folk religion |
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Government | Monarchy | |||||||||||||||||
Emperor | ||||||||||||||||||
• | 1115–1123 | Emperor Taizu (first) | ||||||||||||||||
• | 1234 | Emperor Mo (last) | ||||||||||||||||
History | ||||||||||||||||||
• | Founded by Aguda | 28 January 1115 | ||||||||||||||||
• | Destruction of the Liao dynasty | 1125 | ||||||||||||||||
• | Capture of Bianliang from the Northern Song dynasty | 9 January 1127 | ||||||||||||||||
• | Mongol invasion | 1211 | ||||||||||||||||
• | Fall of Caizhou to the Mongol Empire | 9 February 1234 | ||||||||||||||||
Area | ||||||||||||||||||
• | 1126 est. | 2,300,000 km² (888,035 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
• | 1142 est. | 3,000,000 km² (1,158,306 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||||
Currency | Chinese coin, Chinese cash | |||||||||||||||||
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Today part of | China, Russia, North Korea, Mongolia |
Jin dynasty | |||||||||||
Chinese name | |||||||||||
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Chinese | 金朝 | ||||||||||
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Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||
Chinese | 大金 | ||||||||||
Literal meaning | Great Jin | ||||||||||
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Khitan name | |||||||||||
Khitan | Nik, Niku |
Transcriptions | |
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Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Jīn Cháo |
Wade–Giles | Chin1 Ch'ao2 |
IPA | tɕín tʂʰɑ̌ʊ̯ |
Transcriptions | |
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Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Dà Jīn |
The Jin dynasty, officially known as the Great Jin, lasted from 1115 to 1234 as one of the last dynasties in Chinese history to predate the Mongol invasion of China. Its name is sometimes written as Kin or Jinn in English to differentiate it from an earlier Jìn dynasty of China whose name is identical when transcribed without tone marker diacritics in the Hanyu Pinyin system for Standard Chinese. It is also sometimes called the "Jurchen dynasty" or the "Jurchen Jin", because its founding Emperor Taizu of Jin (reign 1115–1123) was of Wanyan Jurchen descent.
The Jin emerged from Taizu's rebellion against the Liao dynasty (907–1125), which held sway over northern China until the nascent Jin drove the Liao to the Western Regions, where they became known as the Western Liao. After vanquishing the Liao, the Jin launched an over hundred-year war against the Song dynasty (960–1279), which was based in southern China. Over the course of their rule, the Jurchens of Jin quickly adapted to Chinese customs, and even fortified the Great Wall against the rising Mongols. Domestically, the Jin oversaw a number of cultural and technological advancements, such as the development of gunpowder and the revival of Confucianism.
In 1234 Jin succumbed to Mongol conquest.
The Jin dynasty was officially known as the "Great Jin" at that time. Furthermore, the Jin emperors referred to their state as Zhongguo (中國) like some other non-Han dynasties. Non-Han rulers expanded the definition of "China" to include non-Han peoples in addition to Han people whenever they ruled China. Jin documents indicate that the usage of "China" by dynasties to refer to themselves began earlier than previously thought.