Chmielnicki Uprising
| Khmelnytsky Uprising | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of The Deluge | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Zaporozhian Cossacks Crimean Tatars (1649–1654, 1656–1657) |
 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth Crimean Tatars (1654–1656) |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Bohdan Khmelnytsky Ivan Bohun Maxym Kryvonis İslâm III Giray Toğay bey †
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John II Casimir Jeremi Wiśniowiecki Stefan Czarniecki Marcin Kalinowski † Stanisław Lanckoroński |
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| Strength | |||||||||
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400,000 Cossacks 195,000 Tatars
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215,200 troops |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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124,750 killed |
19,716 killed |
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The Khmelnytsky Uprising (Polish: Powstanie Chmielnickiego; Ukrainian: повстання Богдана Хмельницького; Russian: восстание Богдана Хмельницкого; also known as the Cossack-Polish War,Chmielnicki Uprising, or the Khmelnytsky insurrection) was a Cossack rebellion within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1648–1657, which led to the creation of a Cossack Hetmanate in Ukrainian lands. Under the command of Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky, the Zaporozhian Cossacks, allied with the Crimean Tatars and local peasantry, fought against the armies and paramilitary forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. The insurgency was accompanied by mass atrocities committed by Cossacks against the civilian population, especially against the Roman Catholic clergy and the Jews.
The uprising has a symbolic meaning in the history of Ukraine's relationship with Poland and Russia. It ended the Polish Catholic Szlachta′s domination over the Orthodox Christian population; at the same time it led to the eventual incorporation of eastern Ukraine into the Tsardom of Russia initiated by the 1654 Pereyaslav Agreement, whereby the Cossacks would swear allegiance to the Tsar while retaining a wide autonomy. The event triggered a period of political turbulence and infighting in the Hetmanate known as the Ruin. The success of anti-Polish rebellion, along with internal conflicts in Poland as well as concurrent wars waged by Poland with Russia and Sweden (Russo-Polish War (1654–67) and Second Northern War (1655–1660) respectively), ended the Polish Golden Age and caused a secular decline of Polish power during the period known in Polish history as the Deluge.
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