Second Northern War

Second Northern War
Part of Northern Wars
March across the Belts
Date 1655–1660 Location Denmark–Norway, Swedish Empire, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, North America Result Treaties of Roskilde (1658) and Copenhagen (1660) (Sweden and Denmark) Treaty of Oliva (1660) (Sweden and Habsburg, Brandenburg, Poland–Lithuania) Treaties of Valiesar (1658) and Cardis (1661) (Sweden and Russia) Territorial changes Scania, Halland, Blekinge, Bohuslän and Ven become Swedish Duchy of Prussia becomes a sovereign state Sweden's sovereignty in Swedish Livonia accepted Loss of New Sweden to the Netherlands
Belligerents
Swedish Empire Brandenburg-Prussia (1656–57) Principality of Transylvania Ukrainian Cossacks (1657) Grand Duchy of Lithuania  Wallachia  Moldavia	Poland (Poland-Lithuania) Denmark–Norway  Habsburg Monarchy Russia (1656–58) Crimean Khanate Brandenburg-Prussia (1655–56, 1657–60)  Dutch Republic
Commanders and leaders
Charles X Gustav Arvid Wittenberg Magnus de la Gardie Carl Gustaf Wrangel Gustaf Otto Stenbock Per Brahe the Younger Frederick William I George II Rákóczi Col. Anton Zhdanovich	John II Casimir Hetman Lanckoroński Hetman Lubomirski Regimentarz Czarniecki Hetman Sapieha Hetman Gosiewski Frederick III Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve Anders Bille † Iver Krabbe Alexis of Russia Matvey Sheremetev † Frederick William I Raimondo Montecuccoli Jean-Louis Raduit de Souches
Casualties and losses
70,000 Swedish dead (mercenaries not included)

The Second Northern War (1655–60, also First or Little Northern War) was fought between Sweden and its adversaries the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (1655–60), Russia (1656–58), Brandenburg-Prussia (1657–60), the Habsburg Monarchy (1657–60) and Denmark–Norway (1657–58 and 1658–60). The Dutch Republic often intervened against Sweden.

In 1655, Charles X Gustav of Sweden invaded and occupied western Poland–Lithuania, the eastern half of which was already occupied by Russia. The rapid Swedish advance became known in Poland as the Swedish Deluge. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania became a Swedish fief, the Polish–Lithuanian regular armies surrendered and the Polish king John II Casimir Vasa fled to the Habsburgs. Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg and Duke of Prussia initially supported the estates in Royal Prussia, but allied with Sweden in return for receiving the Duchy of Prussia as a Swedish fief. Exploiting the hurt religious feelings of the Roman Catholic population under Protestant occupation and organizing Polish–Lithuanian military leaders in the Tyszowce Confederation, John II Casimir Vasa managed to regain ground in 1656. Russia took advantage of the Swedish setback, declared war on Sweden and pushed into Lithuania and Swedish Livonia.

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