Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
| Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth↓ | ||||||||||||||||
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Motto Latin: Si Deus nobiscum quis contra nos (If God is with us, then who is against us) Pro Fide, Lege et Rege (Latin: For Faith, Law and King, since the 18th century) |
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.svg) The location of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1619.
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| Capital |
Kraków and Vilnius (1569–1793) Warsaw (1793–1795) |
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| Languages |
Official: Polish and Latin
Regional:
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| Religion |
Official: Roman Catholicism
Minority:
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| Government |
Hereditary Monarchy (1569–1573) Elective Monarchy (1573–1791 / 1792–1795) Constitutional Monarchy (1791–1792) |
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| King / Grand Duke | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 1569–1572 | Sigismund II Augustus (first) | ||||||||||||||
| • | 1764–1795 | Stanisław II Augustus (last) | ||||||||||||||
| Legislature | General Sejm | |||||||||||||||
| • | Privy Council | Senate | ||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Early modern period | |||||||||||||||
| • | Union established | July 1, 1569 | ||||||||||||||
| • | Protectorate of the Russian Empire | 1768 | ||||||||||||||
| • | May 3 Constitution | May 3, 1791 | ||||||||||||||
| • | 2nd Partition | January 23, 1793 | ||||||||||||||
| • | 3rd Partition | October 24, 1795 | ||||||||||||||
| Area | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 1582 | 815,000 km² (314,673 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
| • | 1650 | 1,153,465 km² (445,355 sq mi) | ||||||||||||||
| Population | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 1582 est. | 6,500,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Density | 8 /km² (20.7 /sq mi) | |||||||||||||||
| • | 1650 est. | 11,000,000 | ||||||||||||||
| Density | 9.5 /km² (24.7 /sq mi) | |||||||||||||||
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| Today part of | ||||||||||||||||
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, formally the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, after 1791 the Commonwealth of Poland, was a dualistic state, a bi-confederation, of Poland and Lithuania ruled by a common monarch, who was both the King of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania. It was one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th- and 17th-century Europe. At its peak in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth spanned some 450,000 square miles (1,200,000 km2) and sustained a multi-ethnic population of 11 million. The union was formalized by the Union of Lublin in July 1569, but the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were in a de facto personal union since 1386 with the marriage of the Polish queen Hedwig and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila, who was crowned King jure uxoris Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland. The First Partition of Poland in 1772 and the Second Partition of Poland in 1793 greatly reduced the nation's size and the Commonwealth disappeared as an independent state following the Third Partition of Poland in 1795.
The Union possessed many features unique among contemporary states. Its political system was characterized by strict checks upon monarchical power. These checks were enacted by a legislature (sejm) controlled by the nobility (szlachta). This idiosyncratic system was a precursor to modern concepts of democracy,constitutional monarchy, and federation. Although the two component states of the Commonwealth were formally equal, Poland was the dominant partner in the union.
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Wikipedia