Hetman

Hetman is a political title from Central and Eastern Europe, historically assigned to military commanders.

It was the title of the second-highest military commander (after the monarch) in 15th- to 18th-century Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which together, from 1569 to 1795, comprised the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, or (in Polish) Rzeczpospolita.

For much of the history of the Principality of Moldavia, the Hetman (Romanian: hatman) was the second in rank in the army after the ruling prince (who held the position of Voivode).

The Hetman was also the highest military officer in Ukraine's Hetmanates, the Zaporizhian Host (1649–1764) and the Ukrainian State (1918). The title (гетьман) was used by Ukraine's Cossacks from the 16th century, and by the Czechs (hejtman) in Bohemia from the Hussite Wars (15th century) on. Hejtman is today the term for the elected governor of a Czech region (kraj).

One theory derives the word from the Early Modern High German Heubtmann (modern German Hauptmann), with Heubt meaning "head" and Mann—"man". Hauptmann was a common military title during medieval times, literally meaning "captain" but functionally corresponding rather to today's "general". Moreover, it has been suggested that the Czech language may have served as an intermediary.

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