Battle of the Yarmuk

Battle of Yarmouk
Part of the Muslim conquest of the Levant (Arab–Byzantine wars)
Date 15–20 August 636 Location Near the Yarmouk River 32°48′51″N 35°57′17″E / 32.8141°N 35.9548°E / 32.8141; 35.9548Coordinates: 32°48′51″N 35°57′17″E / 32.8141°N 35.9548°E / 32.8141; 35.9548 Result Decisive Rashidun victory Territorial changes The Levant is annexed by the Rashidun Caliphate
Belligerents
Byzantine Empire, Ghassanid Kingdom, Tanukhid Foederati	Rashidun Caliphate
Commanders and leaders
Theodore Trithyrius † Vahan † Jabalah ibn al-Aiham Dairjan † Niketas the Persian Buccinator (Qanatir) Gregory	Khalid ibn al-Walid Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah 'Amr ibn al-'As Khawlah bint al-Azwar Shurahbil ibn Hasana Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan Al-Qa'qa' ibn 'Amr al-Tamimi Amru bin Ma'adi Yakrib Iyad ibn Ghanm Dhiraar bin Al-Azwar Abdul-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr.
Strength
15,000–150,000 (modern estimates) 100,000–200,000 (primary Arab sources) 140,000 (primary Roman sources)	15,000–20,000 (modern estimates) 24,000–40,000 (primary sources)
Casualties and losses
45% or 50,000+ killed (modern estimates) 70,000–120,000 killed (primary sources)	3000 killed

The Battle of Yarmouk was a major battle between the army of the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Arab forces of the Rashidun Caliphate. The battle consisted of a series of engagements that lasted for six days in August 636, near the Yarmouk River, along what today are the borders of Syria–Jordan and Syria–Israel, east of the Sea of Galilee. The result of the battle was a complete Muslim victory which ended Byzantine rule in Syria. The Battle of Yarmouk is regarded as one of the most decisive battles in military history, and it marked the first great wave of early Muslim conquests after the death of Muhammad, heralding the rapid advance of Islam into the then Christian Levant.

In order to check the Arab advance and to recover lost territory, Emperor Heraclius had sent a massive expedition to the Levant in May 636. As the Byzantine army approached, the Arabs tactically withdrew from Syria and regrouped all their forces at the Yarmouk plains close to the Arabian Peninsula, where, after being reinforced, they defeated the numerically superior Byzantine army. The battle is considered to be one of Khalid ibn al-Walid's greatest military victories. It cemented his reputation as one of the greatest tacticians and cavalry commanders in history.

In 610, during the Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628, Heraclius became the emperor of the Byzantine Empire, after overthrowing Phocas. Meanwhile, the Sasanian Empire conquered Mesopotamia and in 611 they overran Syria and entered Anatolia, occupying Caesarea Mazaca (now Kayseri, Turkey). Heraclius, in 612, managed to expel the Persians from Anatolia, but was decisively defeated in 613 when he launched a major offensive in Syria against the Persians. Over the following decade the Persians were able to conquer Palestine and Egypt. Meanwhile, Heraclius prepared for a counterattack and rebuilt his army. Nine years later in 622, Heraclius finally launched his offensive. After his overwhelming victories over the Persians and their allies in the Caucasus and Armenia, Heraclius, in 627, launched a winter offensive against the Persians in Mesopotamia, winning a decisive victory at the Battle of Nineveh thus threatening the Persian capital city of Ctesiphon. Discredited by these series of disasters, Khosrow II was overthrown and killed in a coup led by his son Kavadh II, who at once sued for peace, agreeing to withdraw from all occupied territories of the Byzantine Empire. Heraclius restored the True Cross to Jerusalem with a majestic ceremony in 629.

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