Tanukhids

Tanukh
Tribe
Unknown
Capital		Not specified
Religion		Semitic Paganism, Christianity, Islam
Government		Chiefdom
Chief
•	196-231 AD	Malik ibn Fahm
•	233-268 AD	Jadhima ibn Malik
•	375-425 AD	Queen Mavia
Historical era		Classical Age to the Early Middle Ages
•	Established	Late 2nd century Unknown
•	Converison to Christianity	4th Century perhaps
•	Revolt of Queen Mavia	378 AD
•	Coverison to Islam	8th Century
•	First Crusade	1096-1099 AD
•	Disestablished	c.1100 AD Unknown
b.	...

The Tanûkhids (Arabic: التنوخيون‎‎) or Tanukh (Arabic: تنوخ‎‎) were originally from the Nabataean ( Arabic : نبط) confederation of Arab tribes, sometimes characterized as Saracens. They first rose to prominence in northern Arabia and south of Syria in the 3rd century BC. Both Lakhmid and Tanukhid inscriptions have been found at Umm el-Jimal in Jordan and Nimreh in Syria.The ancient Tanukhi tribal confederation was largely taken over by several branches of the Ishmailite Nabt tribe.

In the late 2nd century, a branch of the tribe of Nat, from Southern Jordan, migrated to Hauran where Tanukhids were settling. The Taies allied with the Tanukhids, becoming part of the confederation. The two sheikhs (tribal leaders) of Tanukh gave up the rule to certain Malik ibn Fahm (196-231), who led them into Iraq and Syria, and after some skirmishes he controlled all of Jordan, and parts of Iraq, he was succeeded by his brother 'Amr ibn Fahm who reigned for a short period, later Jadhima ibn Malik reigned (233-268). After Jadhima's death, he was succeeded by his sister's son 'Amr ibn Adi the Lakhmid, because Jadhima had no sons, thus establishing the Lakhmid dynasty. Other parts of Tanukh settled in Syria. 'Amr ibn 'Adi is attested in the Arab legends to have been the sole victor in the war against Zenobia's Palmyrene Kingdom, but these myths "are probably an amalgam of fact and fiction."

In the 4th century CE, the Tanukhids formed a major grouping of Rome's allies in the East, ranging from Syria in the north to the Gulf of Aqaba, areas into which they had migrated from southern Arabia after the rise of Sassanian influence in Yemen a century earlier.They are reported to have been devoted to Christianity, Thomas the Apostle and monasticism, with many monasteries associated with the tribe. The Tanukhids played a key role in the defeat of Zenobia's forces by Emperor Aurelian and served as foederati in the Roman East - the first Arab tribe to do so. In 378, their Queen Mavia led them in a revolt against Emperor Valens. A truce was struck and was respected for a time, with Mavia even sending a fleet of cavalry in response to Roman requests for assistance in staving off an attack by the Goths. The alliance crumbled under Theodosius I, with the Tanukhids again revolting against Roman rule.

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Wikipedia