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Arab–Byzantine wars

Arab–Byzantine wars
Part of the Muslim conquests
Greekfire-madridskylitzes1.jpg

Greek fire, first used by the Byzantine Navy during the Byzantine–Arab Wars.
Date 634–1050s
Location Levant (Syria), Egypt, North Africa, Anatolia, Crete, Sicily, Southern Italy
Result Overall Muslim Arab gains
Territorial
changes		 Levant, Mesopotamia and North Africa annexed by Arabs. northern Levant recaptured during the Byzantine reconquest.
Belligerents
Simple Labarum2.svg Eastern Roman Empire
Ghassanids
Mardaites
Armenian principalities
Bulgarian Empire
Kingdom of Italy
Italian city-states 		Black flag.svg Rashidun Caliphate
Umayyad Flag.svg Umayyad Dynasty
Black flag.svg Abbasid Caliphate
Aghlabids
Emirate of Sicily
Emirate of Bari
Emirate of Crete
Hamdanids of Aleppo
Fatimid flag.svg Fatimid Caliphate
Mirdasids of Aleppo
Commanders and leaders
Heraclius
Theodore Trithyrius †
Gregory the Patrician †
Constans II
Constantine IV
Justinian II
Leontios
Heraclius
Constantine V
Leo V the Armenian
Michael Lachanodrakon
Tatzates
Irene of Athens
Nikephoros I
Theophilos
Manuel the Armenian
Niketas Ooryphas
Himerios
John Kourkouas
Bardas Phokas the Elder
Nikephoros II Phokas
Leo Phokas the Younger
John I Tzimiskes
Michael Bourtzes
Basil II
Nikephoros Ouranos
George Maniakes

Black flag.svg Ja'far ibn Abī Tālib †
Black flag.svg Khalid ibn al-Walid
Black flag.svgIkrimah ibn Abi-Jahl †
Black flag.svg 'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
Black flag.svg Caliph Abu Bakr
Black flag.svg Caliph Umar
Black flag.svg Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
Black flag.svg Sharhabeel ibn Hasana
Black flag.svg 'Amr ibn al-'As
Black flag.svg Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan
Black flag.svg Abdullah ibn Saad
Umayyad Flag.svg Muawiyah I
Umayyad Flag.svg Yazid I
Umayyad Flag.svg Muhammad ibn Marwan
Umayyad Flag.svg Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
Umayyad Flag.svg Abdallah al-Battal
Umayyad Flag.svg Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham
Black flag.svg Harun al-Rashid
Black flag.svg Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
Black flag.svg Al-Ma'mun
Black flag.svg Al-Mu'tasim
Asad ibn al-Furat (DOW)
Abbas ibn al-Fadl
Khafaga ibn Sufyan
Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya
Leo of Tripoli †
Umar al-Aqta †
Sayf al-Dawla
Fatimid flag.svg al-Aziz Billah

Fatimid flag.svg Manjutakin

Black flag.svg Ja'far ibn Abī Tālib †
Black flag.svg Khalid ibn al-Walid
Black flag.svgIkrimah ibn Abi-Jahl †
Black flag.svg 'Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
Black flag.svg Caliph Abu Bakr
Black flag.svg Caliph Umar
Black flag.svg Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah
Black flag.svg Sharhabeel ibn Hasana
Black flag.svg 'Amr ibn al-'As
Black flag.svg Yazid ibn Abu Sufyan
Black flag.svg Abdullah ibn Saad
Umayyad Flag.svg Muawiyah I
Umayyad Flag.svg Yazid I
Umayyad Flag.svg Muhammad ibn Marwan
Umayyad Flag.svg Maslama ibn Abd al-Malik
Umayyad Flag.svg Abdallah al-Battal
Umayyad Flag.svg Mu'awiyah ibn Hisham
Black flag.svg Harun al-Rashid
Black flag.svg Abd al-Malik ibn Salih
Black flag.svg Al-Ma'mun
Black flag.svg Al-Mu'tasim
Asad ibn al-Furat (DOW)
Abbas ibn al-Fadl
Khafaga ibn Sufyan
Ibrahim II of Ifriqiya
Leo of Tripoli †
Umar al-Aqta †
Sayf al-Dawla
Fatimid flag.svg al-Aziz Billah


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