Balhae Kingdom
| Balhae/Bohai | ||||||||||||||||||
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 The territory of Balhae in 830, during the reign of King Seon of Balhae.
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| Capital |
Dongmo Mountain (698–742) Central Capital (742–756) Upper Capital (756–785) East Capital (785–793) Upper Capital (793–926) |
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| Languages | Goguryeo language or Tungusic language or both | |||||||||||||||||
| Religion | Buddhism, Confucianism, Taoism, Shamanism | |||||||||||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | |||||||||||||||||
| King | ||||||||||||||||||
| • | 698–719 | Go (first) | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 719–737 | Mu | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 737–793 | Mun | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 794–809 | Gang | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 809–812 | Jeong | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 812–817 | Hui | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 818–830 | Seon | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 830–857 | Dae Ijin | ||||||||||||||||
| • | 906–926 | Dae Inseon (last) | ||||||||||||||||
| Historical era | Ancient | |||||||||||||||||
| • | Establishment | 698 | ||||||||||||||||
| • | Fall of Sanggyeong | January 14, 926 | ||||||||||||||||
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| Today part of |
 China Russia North Korea
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| Balhae/Bohai | |||||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||||
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| Hanja | |||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Bóhǎi |
| Wade–Giles | Po-hai |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhèn |
| Wade–Giles | Chen |
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| Revised Romanization | Balhae |
| McCune–Reischauer | Parhae |
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| Revised Romanization | Jin |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chin |
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Monarchs of Korea Balhae |
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Balhae (698–926), also known as Parhae or Bohai was a multi-ethnic kingdom in Manchuria and the Korean peninsula. Balhae was established by Goguryeo refugees and Mohe tribes in 698, when the first king, former Goguryeo general Dae Jo-yeong, defeated the Tang dynasty at Tianmenling. Balhae's original capital was at Dongmo Mountain in modern Dunhua, Jilin Province. In 742 it was moved to the Central Capital in Helong, Jilin. It was moved to the Northern Capital in Ning'an, Heilongjiang in 755, to the Eastern Capital in Hunchun, Jilin in 785, and back to the Northern Capital in 794. According to a Chinese source, the kingdom had 100,000 households and a population of about 500,000. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Balhae culture was an amalgamation of Chinese, Korean, and indigenous cultures. In 926, the Khitan Liao dynasty conquered Balhae and established the autonomous kingdom of Dongdan ruled by the Liao crown prince Yelü Bei, which was soon absorbed into the Liao, while the southern parts of its territory, and a series of nobilities led by crown prince Dae Gwang-hyeon, were absorbed into Goryeo.
The historic position of the Balhae is controversial between Korean and Chinese historians. Due to its origins as the successor state of Goguryeo, Korean scholars consider Balhae as part of the North–South States Period of Korean history. While Chinese scholars argue Bohai is a part of Chinese history. (See Northeast Project of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences)
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