Dietary supplements

Question

This piglix contains articles or sub-piglix about Dietary supplements

Answer 1

Essentiale

Essentiale

Essentiale (polyenylphosphatidylcholine or PPC, with or without synergistic vitamins) is a preparation of essential phospholipids. Essentiale normalizes the metabolism of lipids and proteins, improves the detoxification function of the liver, restores the cellular structure of the liver and retards the producing of conjunctive tissue. Essentiale medications are indicated for the treatment of fatty degeneration of the liver, hepatitis (including toxic hepatitis, liver damage caused by medicines or alcohol abuse), cirrhosis of the liver, and disturbances in liver function associated with different illnesses.

Phospholipids are essential structural components of all cellular membranes. Essential phospholipids (EPL substance -- an active ingredient in Essentiale medications) is a complex of substances of natural origin (ethers of cholinephosphoric acid (phosphatidylcholine) and unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic, linolenic, olein). Essentiale medications possess membranotropic properties, exert metabolic and hepatoprotective action, and regulate lipid and carbohydrate metabolism. Essential phospholipids increase the functional status of the liver.

Intervening in the disturbance of the liver's metabolism, Essential phospholipids enter the cell membrane and combine with the endogenous phospholipids. Essential phospholipids improve the patient's clinical status and the liver's lab indices.

Combination of Essentiale with cordiamin (nikethamide) and vitamin E (50 mg/kg for 35 days) considerably activates the mono-oxygenase, glucoro- and glutathione transferase systems of the liver, resulting in the free-radical processes becoming less intense.

The spectrum of Essential phospholipids' activity in chronic degenerative liver diseases is illustrated by the following properties:

Essentiale is used to treat the following diseases:

Essentiale medications are manufactured under 4 trade names:

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Answer 2

ExtenZe

ExtenZe is a herbal nutritional supplement claiming to promote "natural male enhancement", a euphemism for penis enlargement. Additionally, television commercials and advertisements claim an "improved" or "arousing" sexual experience. Websites selling the product make several more detailed claims, including acquiring a "larger penis". Their enlarging effects are described as "temporary" which will only provide a "chubby one" while under the use of Extenze. Early infomercials featured a studio audience and porn star Ron Jeremy. Former Dallas Cowboys head coach Jimmy Johnson has also appeared in an ExtenZe commercial.

A class action settlement has been proposed and preliminarily approved, to resolve plaintiff claims that ExtenZe maker Biotab Nutraceuticals, Inc engaged in deceptive marketing (advertising, labeling, promotion, etc.) by claiming it enlarged a man's penis despite the lack of any credible scientific evidence supporting that claim. Claimants can file claims for a full refund of documented purchases of ExtenZe, and a refund for up to $22.50 of undocumented purchases. The complaint also claims that the claims were made in violation of a pre-existing court-ordered injunction. As of September 2011^[update], the settlement has been awaiting a ruling from the court on a motion for final approval for 6 months.

In 2006, ExtenZe agreed to pay the Orange County, California, district attorney's office $300,000 in civil penalties for unfair business practices and false advertising. Susan Kang Schroeder of the DA's office said the company could not back up its claim that the pills caused users' penises to grow 27%. After several customers in Laguna Beach, California complained to the Better Business Bureau that ExtenZe was making them sick, the district attorney investigated. Investigations revealed that ExtenZe’s lead content was beyond the legal limits.

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Answer 3

Extract of malt

Malt is germinated cereal grains that have been dried in a process known as "malting". The grains are made to germinate by soaking in water, and are then halted from germinating further by drying with hot air. Malting grains develops the enzymes required for modifying the grain's starches into various types of sugar, including the monosaccharide glucose, the disaccharide maltose, the trisaccharide maltotriose, and higher sugars called maltodextrines. It also develops other enzymes, such as proteases, which break down the proteins in the grain into forms that can be used by yeast. Depending on when the malting process is stopped one gets a preferred starch enzyme ratio and partly converted starch into fermentable sugars. Malt also contains small amounts of other sugars, such as sucrose and fructose, which are not products of starch modification but were already in the grain. Further conversion to fermentable sugars is achieved during the mashing process.

Malted grain is used to make beer, whisky, malted shakes, malt vinegar, confections such as Maltesers and Whoppers, flavored drinks such as Horlicks, Ovaltine, and Milo, Cho-chos (chocolate malted ice cream cup), and some baked goods, such as malt loaf, bagels, and rich tea biscuits. Malted grain that has been ground into a coarse meal is known as "sweet meal". Various cereals are malted, though barley is the most common. A high-protein form of malted barley is often a label-listed ingredient in blended flours typically used in the manufacture of yeast breads and other baked goods.

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Answer 4

F-100 and F-75 (foods)

F-100 and F-75 (also known as Formula 100 and Formula 75) are therapeutic milk products designed to treat severe malnutrition. In 1994, Action Against Hunger / Action Contre la Faim (ACF) pioneered the use of milk formula F-100 for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition. In 1997, a French medical researcher together with the French company Nutriset succeeded in making a nutrient-dense spread for the treatment of severe acute malnutrition. The formula is used in therapeutic feeding centres where children are hospitalized for treatment. Action Against Hunger’s Scientific Committee pioneered the therapeutic milk formula (F-100), now used by all major humanitarian aid organizations to treat acute malnutrition. As a result, the global mortality rate of severely malnourished children under the age of five has been reduced from 25% to 5%. F-100 and other therapeutic nutritional products are widely used by a number of humanitarian aid organizations, such as Unicef, Action Against Hunger, Concern Worldwide, Valid International, and Médecins Sans Frontières, when treating severe malnutrition among vulnerable populations.

F-75 is considered the "starter" formula, and F-100 the "catch-up" formula. The designations mean that the product contains respectively 75 and 100 kcals per 100 ml. Both are very high in energy, fat, and protein, and provide a large amount of nutrients. Ingredients include concentrated milk powder, food oil (sometimes grease), and dextrin vitamin complexes. The formulas may be prepared by mixing with the local water supply. Sometimes Plumpy'nut is substituted for F-100. F-75 may be cereal-based in place of milk.

There are other variants like Low Lactose F-75 and Lactose Free F-75 which are used in case of persistent diarrhoea in severe acute malnutrition.

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Answer 5

Fastin

Fastin is a dietary supplement that is manufactured and marketed for weight loss by Hi Tech Pharmaceuticals in Atlanta, GA. There is no clinical evidence that this supplement is effective for weight loss. Fastin was once a brand name of a drug called phentermine and the Fastin brand of phentermine was manufactured by King Pharmaceuticals.

Fastin and 10 other products manufactured by Hi Tech Pharmaceuticals were banned by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013 because they contain Dimethylamylamine HCl (DMAA), an illegal food additive that is deemed unsafe. At the request of the FDA, U.S. Marshals seized dietary supplements worth more than $2 million manufactured and held by Hi-Tech Pharmaceuticals. Numerous reports of illnesses and death have been associated with supplements containing DMAA.

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Answer 6

Femarelle

Femarelle is a dietary supplement that is a mixture of DT56a (a tofu extract) and flaxseed powder, that may act as a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). In 2008 an application was submitted to the European Food Safety Authority to market Femarelle with a health claim, namely that it can reduce the risk for osteoporosis and other bone disorders; the EFSA found that "the food/constituent for which the claim is made, i.e. Femarelle®, has not been sufficiently characterised" and that " a cause and effect relationship has not been established between the consumption of Femarelle® and increased BMD, increased bone formation, or decreased risk of osteoporosis or other bone disorders in post-menopausal women."

Femarelle has been tested in small clinical trials. One studied its effect on the tissue lining the vagina, another on relief of hot flashes in menopause, and another on the risk of causing blood clots, which is a risk of hormone replacement therapy. While results were promising, the studies were too small and too short in duration from which to draw conclusions.

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Answer 7

Fermented wheat germ extract

Fermented wheat germ extract (FWGE), also called fermented wheat germ powder (FWGP), is a concentrated extract of wheat germ derived from the germ (endosperm, or seed) of the wheat plant. FWGE differs from ordinary wheat germ in that it is fermented with baker's yeast to concentrate biologically-active benzoquinones.

FWGE is available commercially and is sold under the trade name Avemar. In the U.S., the product is classified as a dietary supplement and is marketed as Awge. Avemar is manufactured in Hungary by Biropharma Ltd., where it is approved as a dietary food for medical purposes for cancer patients. FWGE is often falsely advertised as a cure for cancer.

An industrial fermentation process for large-scale production of FWGE extract was patented in the 1990s by five Hungarian scientists: Rita Tömösközi-Farkas, Károly Lapis, Erzsébet Rásó, Béla Szende, and Mate Hidvegi. They have conducted the majority of their research to date on FWGE, which includes studies in isolated cells in vitro and in animals, as well as some human clinical trials.

Andy Lewis of The Quackometer has described Avemar as a questionable, unproven treatment, "not unlike a marmite pill".

According to the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, FWGE should not be taken by children or by women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. It should not be taken by those who have undertaken organ or tissue transplants, or those who suffer from bleeding erosions or bleeding ulcers of the gastrointestinal tract, enteritis, colitis, or malabsorption syndrome. Patients taking prescription medicine should consult with their doctor before use.

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Answer 8

Fibe Mini

Fibe Mini (ファイブミニ) is a Japanese soft drink with added dietary fiber produced by Otsuka Pharmaceutical. It was launched in 1988, and is often considered the first "functional food". The functional ingredient is polydextrose.

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Answer 9

Fibre supplements

Fibre supplements (or fiber supplements) are considered to be a form of a subgroup of functional dietary fibre, and in the United States are defined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM). According to the IOM, functional fibre "consists of isolated, non-digestible carbohydrates that have beneficial physiological effects in humans".

Fibre supplements are widely available, and can be found in forms such as powders, tablets, and capsules. Consumption of fibre supplements may be for: improving dietary intake, lowering blood cholesterol, alleviating irritable bowel syndrome, reducing the risk of colon cancer, and increasing feelings of satiety.

Excessive fibre intake can lead to fluid imbalance, dehydration, mineral deficiencies, nutrient and drug interactions, and other medical problems.

The American Dietetic Association recommends that the average adult consume 25 to 38 grams of dietary fibre per day. However, research has shown that the average American only consumes 14 to 15 grams per day. To reach the recommended amount of fibre, consumption of dietary fibre from foods (e.g. plants, vegetables, legumes, and grains) instead of supplements is preferred because they contain additional beneficial nutrients and non-nutritive components (e.g. antioxidants and phytoestrogens). Nevertheless, a fibre supplement may be needed to prevent constipation when food intake is low, which is the case among inactive elderly. A cereal bran such as psyllium seed husk, or a synthetic fiber such as methylcellulose is often used in this case.

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Answer 10

Fish oil

Fish oil is oil derived from the tissues of oily fish. Fish oils contain the omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), precursors of certain eicosanoids that are known to reduce inflammation in the body, and have other health benefits. Nonetheless, fish oil supplement studies have failed to support claims of preventing heart attacks or strokes.

The fish used as sources do not actually produce omega-3 fatty acids, but instead accumulate them by consuming either microalgae or prey fish that have accumulated omega-3 fatty acids.

Fatty predatory fish like sharks, swordfish, tilefish, and albacore tuna may be high in omega-3 fatty acids, but due to their position at the top of the food chain, these species may also accumulate toxic substances through biomagnification. For this reason, the United States Environmental Protection Agency recommends limiting consumption (especially for women of childbearing age) of certain (predatory) fish species (e.g. albacore tuna, shark, king mackerel, tilefish and swordfish) due to high levels of the toxic contaminant mercury. Dioxin, PCBs and chlordane are also present. Fish oil is used as a component in aquaculture feed. More than 50 percent of the world's fish oil used in aquaculture feed is fed to farmed salmon.

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