Dietary supplements

Question

This piglix contains articles or sub-piglix about Dietary supplements

Answer 1

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice

Deglycyrrhizinated licorice, or DGL, is an herbal supplement typically used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. It is made from licorice from which the glycyrrhizin has been removed.

Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice plus antacid is marketed in Europe, South Africa, and Canada, as the medicinal preparation Caved-S. In the United States, DGL is marketed as an herbal supplement.

Glycyrrhizin is known to cause negative side effects, such as hypertension and edema; removing the glycyrrhizin is meant to avoid these symptoms.

According to MedlinePlus and the Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database, licorice is "possibly effective" for dyspepsia in combination with other herbs, but there is "insufficient evidence" to rate its effectiveness for other conditions. Regarding stomach ulcers, specifically, there is "some evidence...that specially prepared licorice will speed the healing of stomach ulcers".

An un-blinded study of 82 patients from the early 1980s, published in the British Medical Journal, reported that Caved-S had a therapeutic effect similar to that of cimetidine in the treatment of gastric ulcers.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 2

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also known as androstenolone, is an endogenous steroid hormone. It is the most abundant circulating steroid hormone in humans, in whom it is produced in the adrenal glands, the gonads, and the brain, where it functions predominantly as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the androgen and estrogen sex steroids. However, DHEA also has a variety of potential biological effects in its own right, binding to an array of nuclear and cell surface receptors, and acting as a neurosteroid.Exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone used as a medication is often called prasterone (INN).

In women with adrenal insufficiency and the healthy elderly there is insufficient evidence to support the use of DHEA.

DHEA is sometimes used as an androgen in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for menopause. A long-lasting ester prodrug of DHEA, prasterone enanthate, is used in combination with estradiol valerate for this indication.

DHEA is produced naturally in the human body, but the long-term effects of its use are largely unknown. In the short term, several studies have noted few adverse effects. In a study by Chang et al., DHEA was administered at a dose of 200 mg/day for 24 weeks with slight androgenic effects noted. Another study utilized a dose up to 400 mg/day for 8 weeks with few adverse events reported. A longer term study followed patients dosed with 50 mg of DHEA for 12 months with the number and severity of side effects reported to be small. Another study delivered a dose of 50 mg of DHEA for 10 months with no serious adverse events reported.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 3

Dexatrim

Dexatrim is an over-the-counter (OTC) dietary supplement meant to assist with weight loss. Dexatrim claims it "gives you the power to lose weight, curb binges, and keep you in control of your diet." Current Dexatrim products available are in capsule form and include Dexatrim Max Complex 7, Dexatrim Max Daytime Appetite Control, Dexatrim Natural Green Tea, and Dexatrim Natural Extra Energy. The major active ingredients found in current Dexatrim products include caffeine, green tea extract, Asian (Panax) ginseng root extract, and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA).

The caffeine content in the daily recommended dose of Dexatrim products ranges from 50–400 mg per day. There are a number of studies showing that caffeine has a short-term stimulatory effect on basal metabolic rate. However, in 1992, in a double-blind placebo controlled study, caffeine (at a dose of 200 mg daily) was found to be no more effective in promoting weight loss as compared to a placebo. Potential side effects of caffeine may include insomnia, anxiety, gastrointestinal discomfort, diarrhea, headaches and abnormal heart beat.

Green tea extract is currently used for a variety of conditions including improving mental alertness and aiding in weight loss. There is currently insufficient data to determine the efficacy of green tea extract in aiding weight loss. In addition to the potential side effects from the caffeine content in green tea extract, there is some risk of liver problems associated with green tea extract consumption. Liver problems have not been observed with the use of green tea in beverages.

Asian (panax) ginseng is used for a wide variety of conditions—without US Food & Drug Administration (FDA) approval—including aiding in thinking and memory, diabetes, erectile dysfunction, premature ejaculation, and aiding in weight loss. Across a wide scope of studies, scientific data does not support the health claims associated with using ginseng. Short-term use of ginseng (under 3 months) is unlikely to produce side effects and appears safe for most people. Side effects, often associated with longer term use, can include headaches, insomnia, and gastrointestinal problems. There are many conditions in which ginseng use has special precautions and warnings. These include pregnancy, diabetes, auto-immune diseases, and bleeding disorders.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 4

Dianazene

Dianazene was the name given by L. Ron Hubbard to a vitamin supplement containing iron, Vitamin C, and various B vitamins, including especially large doses of niacin. Hubbard promoted it as a form of protection against radiation poisoning during the 1950s, saying that "Dianazene runs out radiation - or what appears to be radiation. It also proofs a person against radiation in some degree. It also turns on and runs out incipient cancer."

In 1958, the Food and Drug Administration seized and destroyed 21,000 Dianazene tablets from the Distribution Center Inc, a company with ties to the Church of Scientology, because they were falsely labeled as a preventative and treatment for radiation sickness.

Vitamins continue to play a large role in the Scientology Purification Rundown and the secular version in the Narconon program, where it is similarly claimed that large quantities of niacin and other vitamins, combined with the heat in a sauna, can "purify" the body by allowing it to release toxins stored in cellular tissue and to "run out" or ameliorate prior radiation exposure including sunburn.

A standard dose of Dianazene, according to Hubbard's 1957 book All About Radiation, contained the following ingredients:

...

Wikipedia

Answer 5

Dietary fiber

Dietary fiber or roughage is the indigestible portion of food derived from plants. It has two main components:

Dietary fibers can act by changing the nature of the contents of the gastrointestinal tract and by changing how other nutrients and chemicals are absorbed. Some types of soluble fiber absorb water to become a gelatinous, viscous substance which is fermented by bacteria in the digestive tract. Some types of insoluble fiber have bulking action and are not fermented.Lignin, a major dietary insoluble fiber source, may alter the rate and metabolism of soluble fibers. Other types of insoluble fiber, notably resistant starch, are fully fermented. Some but not all soluble plant fibers block intestinal mucosal adherence and translocation of potentially pathogenic bacteria and may therefore modulate intestinal inflammation, an effect that has been termed contrabiotic.

Chemically, dietary fiber consists of non-starch polysaccharides such as arabinoxylans, cellulose, and many other plant components such as resistant starch, resistant dextrins, inulin, lignin, chitins, pectins, beta-glucans, and oligosaccharides. A novel position has been adopted by the US Department of Agriculture to include functional fibers as isolated fiber sources that may be included in the diet. The term "fiber" is something of a misnomer, since many types of so-called dietary fiber are not actually fibrous.

Food sources of dietary fiber are often divided according to whether they provide (predominantly) soluble or insoluble fiber. Plant foods contain both types of fiber in varying degrees, according to the plant's characteristics.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 6

Dimethylglycine

Dimethylglycine

Dimethylglycine is a derivative of the amino acid glycine with the structural formula (CH₃)₂NCH₂COOH. It can be found in beans and liver. It can be formed from trimethylglycine upon the loss of one of its methyl groups. It is also a byproduct of the metabolism of choline.

When DMG was first discovered, it was referred to as Vitamin B₁₆, but, unlike true B vitamins, deficiency of DMG in the diet does not lead to any ill-effects and it is synthesized by the human body in the citric acid (or Krebs) cycle meaning it does not meet the definition of a vitamin.

Dimethylglycine has been suggested for use as an athletic performance enhancer, immunostimulant, and a treatment for autism, epilepsy, or . Published studies on the subject have shown little to no difference between DMG treatment and placebo in autism spectrum disorders.

Dimethylglycine has been found to act as an agonist of the glycine site of the NMDA receptor.

This compound is commercially available as the free form amino acid, and as the hydrochloride salt [2491-06-7 ]. DMG may be prepared by the alkylation of glycine via the Eschweiler–Clarke reaction. In this reaction, glycine is treated with aqueous formaldehyde in formic acid that serves as both solvent and reductant. Hydrochloric acid is added thereafter to give the hydrochloride salt. The free amino acid may been obtained by neutralization of the acid salt, which has been performed with silver oxide.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 7

Drink mix

A drink mix, or powdered drink mix is a processed-food product, a powder designed to mix usually with water to produce a beverage resembling fruit juice or soda in flavor. Another type of drink mix is represented by products that must be mixed into milk.

While some are made with sugar, or sold unsweetened, the products are often made with artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, sucralose, cyclamates or saccharin, and often include artificial flavors and colors. Some of the product include vitamins or other nutrients. The products are variously marketed to children, athletes, bodybuilders, dieters, or as a vitamin supplement. Some brands are only sold as drink mixes, while some beverage companies produce powdered versions of their products, as does Gatorade and Ocean Spray. Another form of drink mix is represented by products mixed into milk, such as malted milk, Nesquik, Ovaltine and Carnation Instant Breakfast.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 8

Diosmin

Diosmin

Diosmin is a flavone, a member of the flavonoid family. Diosmin aglycone is diosmetin. It can be found in Teucrium gnaphalodes, a plant endemic to the Iberian Peninsula.

Diosmin is a semisynthetic flavonoid molecule derived from citrus d (modified hesperidin). It is an oral phlebotropic drug used in the treatment of venous disease, i.e., chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) including spider and varicose veins, leg swelling (edema), stasis dermatitis and venous ulcers. It is also used as a stand-alone or surgical adjunctive therapy in hemorrhoidal disease (HD).

There are extensive clinical trials that show diosmin improves all stages of venous disease including venous ulcers and improves quality of life. There are no prospective studies in arterial disease.

Diosmin is currently a prescription medication in some European countries (under the Dio-PP, Venotec, Daflon etc. tradenames), and is sold as a nutritional supplement in the United States.

Diosmin has been found to be effective in mitigating hyperglycemia in diabetic rats. It is also speculated that diosmin might have potential in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, and its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activity has been demonstrated in neuronal cells, in vitro.

Diosmin prolongs the vasoconstrictor effect of norepinephrine on the vein wall, increasing venous tone, and therefore reducing venous capacitance, distensibility, and stasis. This increases the venous return and reduces venous hyperpressure present in patients suffering from CVI.

Diosmin improves lymphatic drainage by increasing the frequency and intensity of lymphatic contractions, and by increasing the total number of functional lymphatic capillaries. Furthermore, diosmin with hesperidine decreases the diameter of lymphatic capillaries and the intralymphatic pressure.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 9

DXN (brand)

DXN is a multilevel marketing company based in Malaysia. DXN was founded in 1993 by Dato' Dr. Lim Siow Jin. The core business activities of DXN include the cultivation, manufacturing and marketing of health food supplements containing Ganoderma or Lingzhi. The company's other products include food and beverages, personal care products, skin care & cosmetic products, household products and water treatment systems. DXN's motto is ´One Dragon One World One Market and One Mind´. DXN Holdings Berhad was first listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia in September 2003 and delisted in December 2011 due to a takeover bid by the founder.

DXN markets 6 categories of products: health food supplements, food and beverages, personal care products, skin care and cosmetics, household products and water treatment systems. DXN also markets spirulina supplements, which are available in tablet and capsule forms.

DXN operates its Ganoderma farm at Bukit Wang, Kedah. Adjacent to the farm is DXN Pharmaceutical, a processing factory, which was established in June 2001. DXN Factories have also been established in India and Indonesia.

In 1999, DXN was certified as compliant with the Australian Code of Good Manufacturing Practice for Therapeutic Goods by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) body, Australia. DXN has also been certified with the International Quality Management System Standards (ISO 9001) and Environmental Management System Standards (ISO 14001), which was approved by Lloyd's Register Quality Assurance.

DXN's farm employs organic cultivation methods using materials such as rice chaff and sawdust instead of traditional fertilizer, insecticides, or hormone in the production of their Ganoderma products. The farm also utilizes a suspension arrangement method to ensure quality growth stages of the Ganoderma crop and avoid the invasion of unwanted materials.

...

Wikipedia

Answer 10

ECA stack

The ECA stack is a drug combination used in weight loss and as a stimulant. ECA is an initialism for ephedrine, caffeine, and aspirin, with variants of it including the EC stack, which removes the aspirin for those who can not tolerate it. Dietary supplements based on or including elements of ECA were popular through the 1990s and early 2000s, but the marketing of ephedra- or ephedrine-containing stimulant combinations for weight loss and bodybuilding is now restricted or illegal in the United States, Canada and Netherlands due to reports of heart attack, stroke, and death associated with these supplements.

While it was available as a supplement, ECA was marketed with claims that it would aid weight loss, improve athletic performance and increase "energy".

Placebo-controlled studies have consistently found ephedrine in combination with caffeine to be effective in promoting moderate fat loss in the already-obese. Herbal supplements containing Ephedra aka Ma Huang - with or without caffeine - have similarly been demonstrated to be effective without significantly increased risk of adverse effects in studies ranging from 8 weeks to 6 months in length. A meta-analysis combining results from all available studies estimated average weight loss of 1 kg/month more than placebo.

There is insufficient evidence to support use of ephedra for athletic performance.

Natural supplements that contain ephedra (aka Ma Huang) as an ephedrine substitute have been linked to cases of heart attack, stroke, and death in healthy young adults even when taken at the labeled dosage. Evidence of serious harm is based only on self-reports of uncontrolled use by supplement users; when EC has been used as medically prescribed or in controlled studies, evidence of cardiovascular risk has not been proven.

A 2003 meta-analysis of all available studies and case reports concluded that:

ephedrine- and ephedra-containing dietary supplements [...] have harms in terms of a 2- to 3-fold increase in psychiatric symptoms, autonomic symptoms, upper gastrointestinal symptoms, and heart palpitations. More serious adverse effects from ephedra use cannot be excluded at a rate less than 1.0 per thousand, and case reports raise the possibility that a causal relationship with serious adverse events may exist.

...

Wikipedia