Xionites
| Xionites | |||||||
| Chinese | 狁 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Yǔn |
Xionites, Chionites, or Chionitae (Middle Persian: Xiyon; Avestan: Xiiaona; Sogdian: Xwn; Pahlavi: Huna), or Hunni, Yun or Xūn (獯), were probably an Iranian-speaking people who were prominent in Transoxania and Bactria.
The Xionites (Chionitae) are first mentioned with Kushans (Cuseni) by Ammianus Marcellinus who spent the winter of 356-57 CE in their Balkh territory. They arrived with the wave of immigration from Central Asia into Iran in late antiquity. They were influenced by the Kushan and Bactrian cultures, while patronizing the Eastern Iranian languages, and became a threat on the northeastern frontier of the Sassanid Empire.
It is difficult to determine the ethnic composition of the Xionites. Simocatta, Menander, and Priscus provide evidence that the Xionites were somewhat different from the Hephthalites although, Frye suggested that the Hepthalites may have been a prominent tribe or clan of the Xionites. They followed their versions of Buddhism and Shaivism mixed with animism.
In 1932 Sir Harold Walter Bailey wrote:
In 1944 Carlile Aylmer Macartney wrote:
A more recent specialist, Richard Nelson Frye wrote in 1991:
In 1992 Wolfgang Felix considered the Xionites a tribe of probable Iranian origin that was prominent in Bactria and Transoxania in late antiquity.
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