Vigna unguiculata
| Cowpea | |
|---|---|
 |
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| Cowpeas | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Eudicots |
| (unranked): | Rosids |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae |
| Genus: | Vigna |
| Species: | V. unguiculata |
| Binomial name | |
|
Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. |
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| Synonyms | |
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List
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| Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) | |
|---|---|
| Energy | 336 kJ (80 kcal) |
|
60.03 g
|
|
| Sugars | 6.9 g |
| Dietary fiber | 10.6 g |
|
1.26 g
|
|
|
23.52 g
|
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| Vitamins | |
| Vitamin A equiv. |
(0%)
3 μg |
| Thiamine (B1) |
(74%)
0.853 mg |
| Riboflavin (B2) |
(19%)
0.226 mg |
| Niacin (B3) |
(14%)
2.075 mg |
| Vitamin B6 |
(27%)
0.357 mg |
| Folate (B9) |
(158%)
633 μg |
| Vitamin C |
(2%)
1.5 mg |
| Vitamin K |
(5%)
5 μg |
| Minerals | |
| Calcium |
(11%)
110 mg |
| Iron |
(64%)
8.27 mg |
| Magnesium |
(52%)
184 mg |
| Phosphorus |
(61%)
424 mg |
| Potassium |
(24%)
1112 mg |
| Sodium |
(1%)
16 mg |
| Zinc |
(35%)
3.37 mg |
| Other constituents | |
| Water | 11.95 g |
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| Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database |
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The cowpea, Vigna unguiculata, is an annual herbaceous legume from the genus Vigna. Due to its tolerance for sandy soil and low rainfall it is an important crop in the semi-arid regions across Africa and other countries. It requires very few inputs, as the plants root nodules are able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, making it a valuable crop for resource poor farmers and well-suited to intercropping with other crops. The whole plant is used as forage for animals, with its use as cattle feed likely responsible for its name.
Four subspecies of cowpea are recognised, of which three are cultivated. There is a high level of morphological diversity found within the species with large variations in the size, shape and structure of the plant. Cowpeas can be erect, semi erect (trailing) or climbing. The crop is mainly grown for its seeds, which are extremely high in protein, although the leaves and immature seed pods can also be consumed.
Cultivated cowpeas are known by the common names black-eyed pea, southern pea, yardlong bean, catjang, and crowder pea. They were domesticated in Africa and are one of the oldest crops to be farmed. A second domestication event probably occurred in Asia, before they spread into Europe and the Americas. The seeds are usually cooked and made into stews and curries, or ground into flour or paste.
Most cowpeas are grown on the African continent, particularly in Nigeria and Niger which account for 66% of world production. A 1997 estimate suggests that cowpeas are cultivated on 12.5 million hectares (31 million acres), have a worldwide production of 3 million tonnes and are consumed by 200 million people on a daily basis. Insect infestation is a major constraint to the production of cowpea, sometimes causing losses of over 90% loss in yield. The legume pod borer Maruca vitrata is the main pre-harvest pest of the cowpea and the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus the main post-harvest pest.
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Wikipedia