Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 | |||
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Part of Chinese Democracy Movement in 1989, Revolutions of 1989 and the Cold War | |||
Tiananmen Square in 1988
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Date | April 15, 1989 – June 4, 1989 (1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days) |
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Location | Beijing 400 cities nationwide |
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Causes |
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Goals | A Communist Party Without Corruption, democratic reforms, freedom of the press, freedom of speech | ||
Methods | Hunger strike, sit-in, occupation of public square | ||
Result |
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Parties to the civil conflict | |||
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Lead figures | |||
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Casualties | |||
Death(s) |
218 civilians; 10 PLA soldiers; 13 Peoples' Armed Police (official government figures) 180-2600 civilians; ~50 soldiers and policemen (estimates and retracted Chinese Red Cross statement) |
Tiananmen Square protests of 1989 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 六四事件 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Literal meaning | June Fourth Incident | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Name used by the PRC Government | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 1989年春夏之交的政治风波 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Political turmoil between the Spring and Summer of 1989 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Second alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Chinese | 八九民運 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Literal meaning | Eighty-Nine Democracy Movement | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Transcriptions | |
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Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Liù-Sì ShìJiàn |
Wade–Giles | Liu-Szu Shihchien |
Yale Romanization |
Lyòu-Sz̀ Shr̀jyàn mi = [ljôusɹ̩̂ ʂɻ̩̂tɕjɛ̂n] |
Wu | |
Romanization | Loh-sy Zy-ji |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | Lùhk-sei Sih gihn |
IPA | Cantonese pronunciation: [lʊ̏kɕīː ɕìːkɪ̀n] |
Jyutping | Luk4sei3 si6gin6 |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | La̍k-sù Sū-kiaⁿ |
Transcriptions | |
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Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | 1989-nián chūn xià zhījiāo de zhèngzhì fēngbō |
Wade–Giles | 1989-nien ch'un-hsia chih-chiao te cheng-chih feng-po |
Wu | |
Romanization | 1989-ni tshen-ghô tsy-jiau di tsen-tsy fhon-bo |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | 1989-nìhn cheūnhaah jígáau dī jingchìh fūngbō |
Jyutping | 1989-nin4 ceon1ci4 fung1bo1 |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | 1989-nî chhun-hē chi-kau tī chèng-tī hong-pho |
Transcriptions | |
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Standard Mandarin | |
Hanyu Pinyin | Bā-Jiǔ Mínyùn |
Wade–Giles | Pa-Chiu Minyün |
Yale Romanization | Bā-Jyǒu Mínyùn |
Wu | |
Romanization | poh-cieu Min-yiuin |
Yue: Cantonese | |
Yale Romanization | baatgáu màhnwahn |
IPA | Cantonese pronunciation: [pāːtkɐ̌u mɐ̏nwɐ̀n] |
Jyutping | baat3 gau2 man4 wan6 |
Southern Min | |
Hokkien POJ | pat-káu bîn-ūn |
"hardliners"
"moderates"
student leaders
intellectuals
218 civilians; 10 PLA soldiers; 13 Peoples' Armed Police (official government figures)
The Tiananmen Square Massacre, commonly known in China as the June Fourth Incident (六四事件) were student-led demonstrations in Beijing in 1989. More broadly, it refers to the popular national movement inspired by the Beijing protests during that period, sometimes referred to as the '89 Democracy Movement (八九民运). The protests were forcibly suppressed after the government declared martial law. In what became widely known as the Tiananmen Square Massacre, troops with assault rifles and tanks killed at least several hundred demonstrators trying to block the military's advance towards Tiananmen Square. The number of civilian deaths has been estimated at anywhere between the hundreds to the thousands.
Set against a backdrop of rapid economic development and social changes in post Mao-era China, the protests reflected anxieties about the country's future in the popular consciousness and among the political elite. The reforms of the 1980s had led a nascent market economy which benefited some groups but seriously disaffected others; the one-party political system also faced a challenge of legitimacy. Common grievances at the time included inflation, limited preparedness of graduates for the new economy, and restrictions on political participation. The students called for democracy, greater accountability, freedom of the press, and freedom of speech, though they were loosely organized and their goals varied. At the height of the protests, about a million people assembled in the Square.
As the protests developed, the authorities veered back and forth between conciliatory and hardline tactics, exposing deep divisions within the party leadership. By May, a student-led hunger strike galvanized support for the demonstrators around the country and the protests spread to some 400 cities. Ultimately, China's paramount leader Deng Xiaoping and other party elders believed the protests to be a political threat, and resolved to use force. Party authorities declared martial law on May 20, and mobilized as many as 300,000 troops to Beijing.
The Chinese government was widely condemned internationally for the use of force. Western countries imposed economic sanctions and arms embargoes. The Chinese government initially condemned the protests as a counter-revolutionary riot. In the aftermath of the crackdown, the government conducted widespread arrests of protesters and their supporters, suppressed other protests around China, expelled foreign journalists and strictly controlled coverage of the events in the domestic press. The police and internal security forces were strengthened. Officials deemed sympathetic to the protests were demoted or purged. More broadly, the suppression temporarily halted the policies of liberalization in the 1980s. Considered a watershed event, the protests also set the limits on political expression in China well into the 21st century. Its memory is widely associated with questioning the legitimacy of Communist Party rule, and remains one of the most sensitive and most widely censored political topics on mainland China.