Thirty Years’ War

Peace of Westphalia

• Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices
• Decline of the Catholic Church
• Habsburg supremacy curtailed
• Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire
• Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic
• Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty
• Rise of the Swedish Empire
• Decline of feudalism in continental Europe
• Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire
• Franco-Spanish War until 1659
• Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states