Thirty Years' War

Thirty Years' War

Part of European wars of religion

The Hanging by Jacques Callot.jpg

Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632

Date

23 May 1618 – 15 May 1648
(29 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day)

Location

Europe, mainly present-day Germany

Result

Peace of Westphalia

Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices
Decline of the Catholic Church
Habsburg supremacy curtailed
Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire
Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic
Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty
Rise of the Swedish Empire
Decline of feudalism in continental Europe
Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire
Franco-Spanish War until 1659
Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states

Belligerents

Anti-Habsburg States and Allies:
Sweden (from 1630)
Denmark-Norway (1625–1629)
United Provinces
France (from 1635)
Bohemia (1618–1620)
Saxony
The Palatinate (until 1623)
Brandenburg-Prussia
Brunswick-Lüneburg
England (1625–30)
Scotland (1625–38)
Transylvania (from 1619)

Supported by:
Ottoman Empire

Russian Tsardom

Habsburg States and Allies:
Holy Roman Empire

Spanish Empire
Hungary
Kingdom of Croatia
Denmark-Norway (1643–1645)

Supported by:
Poland

Zaporizhian Cossacks

Commanders and leaders

Gustavus Adolphus †
Axel Oxenstierna
Johan Banér
Lennart Torstenson
Gustav Horn
Carl Gustaf Wrangel
Charles X Gustav
James Spens
Alexander Leslie
James 3rd Marquis Hamilton
Louis XIII of France
Cardinal Richelieu
Marquis de Feuquieres †
Henri, Prince of Condé
Duke of Gramont
Gaspard III de Coligny
Louis II de Bourbon
Urbain de Maillé-Brézé
Vicomte de Turenne
John Hepburn †
Frederick V, Elector Palatine
Jindřich Matyáš Thurn
Christian I of Anhalt-Bernburg
Christian IV of Denmark
Robert Maxwell, 1st Earl of Nithsdale
Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar
Johann Georg I of Saxony
Maurice of Nassau
Piet Pieterszoon Hein
William of Nassau
Frederik Hendrik of Orange
Maarten Tromp
Ernst Casimir
Hendrik Casimir I
Charles I Stuart
Duke of Buckingham †
Sir Horace Vere
Gabriel Bethlen
Ernst von Mansfeld
Christian of Brunswick

Mikhail Borisovich Shein

Ferdinand II
Ferdinand III
Albrecht von Wallenstein
Wikipedia

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