Sultanate of Egypt
| Sultanate of Egypt | ||||||||||
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السلطنة المصرية as-Salṭanah al-Miṣrīyah |
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| Protectorate of the United Kingdom | ||||||||||
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Anthem Salam Affandina |
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Green: Sultanate of Egypt
Light green: Anglo-Egyptian Sudan condominium Lightest green: Ceded from Sudan to Italian North Africa in 1919 |
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| Capital | Cairo | |||||||||
| Languages |
Arabic (official), English |
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| Religion | Sunni Islam | |||||||||
| Government | Constitutional monarchy | |||||||||
| Sultan | ||||||||||
| • | 1914–1917 | Hussein Kamel | ||||||||
| • | 1917–1922 | Fuad I | ||||||||
| British High Commissioner | ||||||||||
| • | 1914–1916 | Sir Henry McMahon | ||||||||
| • | 1916–1919 | Sir Reginald Wingate | ||||||||
| • | 1919–1925 | Lord Allenby | ||||||||
| Prime Minister | ||||||||||
| • | 1914–1919 | Hussein Rushdi (first) | ||||||||
| • | 1921 | Adli Yakan (last) | ||||||||
| Historical era | World War I | |||||||||
| • | Established | 19 December 1914 | ||||||||
| • | Revolution | 1919–1922 | ||||||||
| • | Independence | 28 February 1922 | ||||||||
| • | Coronation of Fuad I | 15 March 1922 | ||||||||
| Area | ||||||||||
| • | 1917 | 3,418,400 km² (1,319,852 sq mi) | ||||||||
| Population | ||||||||||
| • | 1917 est. | 12,751,000 | ||||||||
| Density | 3.7 /km² (9.7 /sq mi) | |||||||||
| Currency | Egyptian pound | |||||||||
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| Area and density include inhabited areas only. The total area of Egypt, including deserts, is 994,000 km2. | ||||||||||
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The Sultanate of Egypt (Arabic: السلطنة المصرية) is the name of the short-lived protectorate that the United Kingdom imposed over Egypt between 1914 and 1922.
Opposition to European interference in Egypt's affairs resulted in the emergence of a nationalist movement that coalesced and spread after the British military intervention and occupation of 1882. The immediate causes of what is known to Egyptians as the 1919 Revolution, however, were British actions during World War I that caused widespread hardship and resentment. Specifically, these included Britain's purchase of cotton and requisitioning of fodder at below market prices, Britain's forcible recruitment of about 500,000 peasants into the Egyptian Labour Corps and the Egyptian Camel Transport Corps in the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, and its use of the country as a base and a garrison populated by British, Australian, and other troops. After the war, Egypt felt the adverse effects of soaring prices and unemployment.
When the war ended, the nationalists began to press the British again for independence. In addition to their other reasons, the Egyptians were influenced by American president Woodrow Wilson, who was advocating self-determination for all nations. In September 1918, Egypt made the first moves toward the formation of a wafd, or delegation, to voice its demands for independence at the Paris Peace Conference. The idea for a wafd had originated among prominent members of the Umma Party, including Lutfi as Sayyid, Saad Zaghlul, Muhammad Mahmud Pasha, Ali Sharawi, and Abd al Aziz Fahmi.
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