Second French intervention in Mexico

Franco-Mexican War
Clockwise from left: French assault during the Second Battle of Puebla; French cavalry seize the Republican flag during the Battle of San Pablo del Monte; depiction of the execution of Emperor Maximilian I by Édouard Manet.
Date 8 December 1861 – 21 June 1867 Location Mexico Result Mexican republican victory Establishment, then fall, of the Second Mexican Empire French withdrawal
Belligerents
Mexican republicans Support  United States (1865~)	French Empire Mexican Empire Support Austria  Belgium Confederate exiles (1865~) Egypt Polish exiles Spain (~1862) United Kingdom (~1862)
Commanders and leaders
Benito Juárez	Napoleon III Maximilian I
Strength
70,000 And others 3,000	38,493 20,285 And others 7,859 6,344, 19 ships 2,000 1,462 700, ? ships 472 424
Casualties and losses
31,962 killed >11,000 executed 8,304 wounded 33,281 captured	Total: c.14,000 dead Details France: 6,654 dead inc. 5,000 from disease Mexican Empire: 5,671 dead Belgium: 573 dead Austria: 455 Austrians dead inc. 199 from disease 177 Hungarians dead Egypt: 126 dead inc. 46 from disease

Mexican republican victory

Total: c.14,000 dead

The second French intervention in Mexico (Spanish: Segunda intervención francesa en México), also known as the Maximilian Affair, Mexican Adventure, the War of the French Intervention, the Franco-Mexican War or the Second Franco-Mexican War, was an invasion of Mexico in late 1861 by the Second French Empire, supported in the beginning by the United Kingdom and Spain. It followed President Benito Juárez's suspension of interest payments to foreign countries on 17 July 1861, which angered these three major creditors of Mexico.

Emperor Napoleon III of France was the instigator, justifying military intervention by claiming a broad foreign policy of commitment to free trade. For him, a friendly government in Mexico would ensure European access to Latin American markets. Napoleon also wanted the silver that could be mined in Mexico to finance his empire. Napoleon built a coalition with Spain and Britain while the U.S. was deeply engaged in its civil war.

The three European powers signed the Treaty of London on 31 October 1861, to unite their efforts to receive payments from Mexico. On 8 December the Spanish fleet and troops arrived at Mexico's main port, Veracruz. When the British and Spanish discovered that France planned to seize all of Mexico, they quickly withdrew from the coalition.

The subsequent French invasion resulted in the Second Mexican Empire. In Mexico, the French-imposed empire was supported by the Roman Catholic clergy, many conservative elements of the upper class, and some indigenous communities. The presidential terms of Benito Juárez (1858–71) were interrupted by the rule of the Habsburg monarchy in Mexico (1864–67). Conservatives, and many in the Mexican nobility, tried to revive the monarchical form of government (see: First Mexican Empire) when they helped to bring to Mexico an archduke from the Royal House of Austria, Maximilian Ferdinand, or Maximilian I. France had various interests in this Mexican affair, such as seeking reconciliation with Austria, which had been defeated during the Franco-Austrian War of 1859, counterbalancing the growing American Protestant power by developing a powerful Catholic neighboring empire, and exploiting the rich mines in the north-west of the country.

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Wikipedia