Mongol conquest of Central Asia
| Mongol invasion of Central Asia | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of the Mongol conquests | ||||||||||
|
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| Belligerents | ||||||||||
| Mongol Empire | Qara Khitai Khanate | Khwarazmian dynasty | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | ||||||||||
|
Genghis Khan Jochi Chaghatai Ögedei Tolui Subutai Jebe Jelme Mukali Khubilai Kasar Boorchu Sorkin-shara |
Kuchlug 
|
Ala ad-Din Muhammad Jalal ad-Din Mingburnu Inalchuq (POW), executed Temur Meliq |
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| Strength | ||||||||||
| 100,000-150,000 | unknown | 400,000-450,000 men, however not organized into armies, majority unmobilized. | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | ||||||||||
| unknown | unknown | unknown | ||||||||
The Mongol invasion of Central Asia occurred after the unification of the Mongol and Turkic tribes on the Mongolian plateau in 1206. It was finally complete when Genghis Khan conquered the Khwarizmian Empire in 1221.
The Uyghurs, Qarluqs and local Turkic and Tajik peoples submitted to the Mongolians. The Uyghur state of Kara-Khoja was a vassal of the Qara Khitai, but in 1210, the Uyghur ruler of Kara-Khoja, Idiqut Barchuq appeared before the Khan to declare his allegiance to the Mongolians. He was rewarded with the daughter of Genghis in marriage, and the Uyghurs served under the Mongols as bureaucrats. A leader of the Qarluq and Buzar, the warlord of Chuy Valley, followed the Uyghur example.
The Qara Khitai (Black Khitan) were Khitans of the Liao Dynasty (907–1125) who were driven out of China by the Jurchens of the Jin dynasty. In 1124 some Khitans moved westward under Yeh-lü Ta-shih’s leadership and created the Qara Khitai Khanate (Western Liao) between in the Semirechye and the Chu River. They dominated Central Asia in the 12th century after they defeated the Great Seljuk leader Ahmed Sanjar at the Battle of Qatwan in 1141. However, their power was shattered in 1211 through the combined actions of the Khwārezm-Shah ʿAlāʾ ad-Dīn Muḥammad (1200–20), and Küchlüg, a fugitive Naiman prince in flight from Genghis Khan’s Mongols. Kuchlug was given shelter by the Qara Khiitai, but he usurped the Gurkhan's throne in 1211.
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