José de la Riva Agüero
| José Mariano de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete | |
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| 3rd President of Peru | |
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In office February 28, 1823 – June 23, 1823 |
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| Preceded by | José Bernardo de Tagle, Marquess of Torre-Tagle |
| Succeeded by | Antonio José de Sucre |
| 2nd President of North Peru | |
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In office August 1, 1838 – January 24, 1839 |
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| Preceded by | Luis José de Orbegoso y Moncada |
| Personal details | |
| Born | May 3, 1783 Lima, Peru |
| Died | May 21, 1858 (aged 75) Lima, Peru |
| Nationality | Peruvian |
José Mariano de la Cruz de la Riva Agüero y Sánchez Boquete Marquess De Montealegre de Aulestia (3 May 1783, Lima, Peru – 21 May 1858, Lima) was a Peruvian soldier, politician, and historian who served as the 3rd President of Peru and 2nd President of North Peru. He was the first Head of State who had the title of President of the Republic and the first to wear a presidential sash representing the power he had (although it only was de facto, as the power surged from a Coup d'état).
He was a criollo born from an aristocratic family in Lima. He also supported the independency fight at a very early age. He went to Spain in times of Napoleonic invasion, where he join the ranks of different lodges that worked in favor of American independence. In 1810, he returned to Peru and represented the main figure of anti colonialist movements by leading the Logia de los Copetudos before the arrival of José de San Martín. He helped San Martín before and after the latter arrived to Peru. Once established in the Protectorate, Riva Agüero was appointed as President (Prefect) of the Department of Lima. After the first Coup d'état in the history of the Republic, he was the first Peruvian appointed as President of the Republic (28 Feb 1823). He wanted to finish the Peruvian independence process only by Peruvians' own efforts organized by the Segunda Campaña de Intermedios, but failed. His disagreements with Congress and Bolivar's Arrival determined en end of his mandate and his deportation, first to Guayaquil and then to Europe, where he lived until he came back to America in 1828. He went first to Chile and then returned to Peru in 1833 and was elected deputy to a Convention that reincorporated him in the army with the title of Grand Marshal. Supporter of President Luis José de Orbegoso, he was plenipotentiary minister in Chile and President of the Nor Peruvian State in the Peru-Bolivian Confederation. After the end of that political entity, he went again to Ecuador in 1843.
Riva Agüero was son of José De la Riva Agüero y Basso della Rovere, a Spanish aristocrat of Italian origin, member of the Della Rovere family, and the criolla María Josefa Sánchez Boquete Román de Aulestia Marquess De Montealegre de Aulestia, and married the Belgian princess Caroline Arnoldine Looz Corswarem. He inherited from his mother's family the title of Marquess of Montealegre de Aulestia and was baptized in the parish of San Marcelo of Lima in 1784. He spent his childhood and youth in Spain, where he was educated and later participated in the wars against the Napoleonic invasion. He moved to France for a time and then, when he was back in Madrid, was awarded with La Orden of Carlos III (1807). Moved by the nationalist ardor caused by the Napoleonic invasion in 1808, he enlisted in the Spanish army and participated in some early actions against the French in Guipúzcoa, Burgos and Córdoba. During his brief military experience, he was awarded and recognized by the Spanish Royal Crown because of the courage showed in a campaign where he saved the lives of 10 comrades after the mission's General was shot to death. In 1809, he returned to Lima and participated in the independence cause. José de San Martín named him prefect of Lima in 1822. Upon the departure of San Martín and the ensuing social instability in the country, Andrés de Santa Cruz revolted against the Peruvian Congress on February 26, 1823 and forced it to elect Riva Agüero as President. Riva Agüero proclaimed himself "President of Peru", the first to use such title.
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