Hwando fortress
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| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |||||||||
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| Location | People's Republic of China 
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| Coordinates | 41°09′56″N 126°09′31″E / 41.16556°N 126.15861°E | ||||||||
| Criteria | Cultural: (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)
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| Reference | 1135-003 | ||||||||
| Inscription | 2004 (28th Session) | ||||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Chinese | 丸都山城 | ||||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||||
| Hangul | 환도산성 | ||||||||
| Hanja | 丸都山城 | ||||||||
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 Location of Wandu
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| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Wándū Shān Chéng |
| Wade–Giles | Wan-tu Shan Ch'eng |
| Transcriptions | |
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| Revised Romanization | Hwando San Seong |
| McCune–Reischauer | Hwando San Sŏng |
Wandu, called Hwando in Korean, was the second capital of the Goguryeo kingdom. The remains of the mountain fortress are part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom. It is located 2.5 kilometers west of Ji'an, Jilin province in Northeast China, near the North Korean border. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site Capital Cities and Tombs of the Ancient Koguryo Kingdom, together with nearby Guonei City and the Wunü Mountain City.
As Gogeryeo consolidated its power, it proceeded to act to conquer the territories on the Korean peninsula which were under Chinese rule. Goguryeo initiated the Goguryeo–Wei Wars in 242, trying to cut off Chinese access to its territories in Korea by attempting to take a Chinese fort. However, the Chinese Wei state responded by invading and defeated Goguryeo. Hwando was destroyed in revenge by the Chinese Wei forces in 244.
Goguryeo ended China's rule on the Korean peninsula by conquering Lelang in 313. However, Goguryeo faced devastation by the Murong Xianbei people who attacked Goguryeo. Hwando was destroyed again by them in 341, and the Xianbei used the captured Goguryeo people for slave labor. The Xianbei also devastated Buyeo in 346, accelerating Buyeo migration to the Korean peninsula.
Entrance plaque
Detail of a wall
Wall snaking up incline at Wandu
Remains of a guard tower
View of ShanChengXia Nobility Cemetery from Wandu
Coordinates: 41°09′56″N 126°09′31″E / 41.1656°N 126.1586°E
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