Hongwu Era
| Hongwu Emperor | |||||||||||||||||
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| 1st Emperor of the Ming Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||
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| 1st Emperor of the Ming Empire | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 23 January 1368 – 24 June 1398 | ||||||||||||||||
| Coronation | 23 January 1368 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Dynasty established | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Jianwen Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Born |
21 October 1328 Fengyang, Anhui, Yuan Empire |
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| Died | 24 June 1398 (aged 69) Nanjing, Jiangsu, Ming Empire |
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| Burial | 30 June 1398 Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum, Nanjing, China |
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| Spouse |
Empress Xiaocigao Noble Consort Chengmu, concubine Consort Li, concubine Consort Ning, concubine Consort Hui, concubine Consort Zhuangjing'anronghui, concubine Consort Jiang, concubine Consort Zhao, concubine Consort Zhaojingchong, concubine Consort An, concubine Consort Ding, concubine Consort Shun, concubine Consort Shun, concubine Consort Xian, concubine Consort Hui, concubine Consort Li, concubine Consort Kung, concubine Consort Han, concubine Consort Yu, concubine Consort Yang, concubine Consort Zhou, concubine Li Jiehao, concubine Beauty Lady Choi, concubine Beauty Lady Zhang, concubine Lady Gao, concubine |
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| Issue |
Zhu Biao, Crown Prince Yiwen Zhu Shuang, Prince Min of Qin Zhu Gang, Prince Gong of Jin Zhu Di, Yongle Emperor Zhu Su, Prince Ding of Zhou Zhu Zhen, Prince Zhao of Chu Zhu Fu, Prince of Qi Zhu Zi, Prince of Dan Zhu Qi, Prince of Zhao Zhu Tan, Prince Huang of Lu Zhu Chun, Prince Xian of Shu Zhu Bai, Prince Xian of Xiang Zhu Gui, Prince Jian of Dai Zhu Ying, Prince Zhuang of Su Zhu Zhi, Prince Jian of Liao Zhu Zhan, Prince Jing of Qing Zhu Quan, Prince Xian of Ning Zhu Pian, Prince Zhuang of Min Zhu Hui, Prince of Gu Zhu Song Prince Xian of Han Zhu Mo, Prince Jian of Shen Zhu Ying, Prince Hui of An Zhu Jing, Prince Ding of Tang Zhu Dong, Prince Jing of Ying Zhu Yi, Prince Li of Yi Zhu Nan Princess Lin'an Princess Ning Princess Chongning Princess Anqing Princess Runing Princess Huaiqing, Marchioness of Yongchun Princess Daming, Marchioness of Luancheng Princess Fuqing Princess Shouchun a daughter Princess Nankang Princess Zhenyi of Yongjia a daughter Princess Hanshan Princess Ruyang Princess Baoqing |
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| House | House of Zhu | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Zhu Shizhen | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Chen Erniang | ||||||||||||||||
| Full name | |
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Family name: Zhu (朱) Birth name: Chongba (重八) Given name: Xingzong (興宗), later Yuanzhang (元璋) Courtesy name: Guorui (國瑞) |
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| Era name and dates | |
| Hongwu (洪武): 23 January 1368 – 5 February 1399 (briefly, - 22 January 1403) | |
| Posthumous name | |
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Emperor Kaitian Xingdao Zhaoji Liji Dasheng Zhishen Renwen Yiwu Junde Chenggong Gāo 開天行道肇紀立極大聖至神仁文義武俊德成功高皇帝 |
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| Temple name | |
| Ming Taizu (明太祖) |
| Hongwu Emperor | |||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 洪武帝 | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Hóngwǔ dì |
| Wade–Giles | Hung2-wu3 ti4 |
| IPA | [xʊ̌ŋ.ù tî] |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Hùhng-móuh dai |
| Jyutping | Hung4-mou5 dai3 |
| Southern Min | |
| Tâi-lô | Âng-bú tē |
The Hongwu Emperor (21 October 1328 – 24 June 1398), personal name Zhu Yuanzhang (formerly Romanized as Chu Yuan-Chang), was the founder and first emperor of China's Ming dynasty.
In the middle of the 14th century, with famine, plagues, and peasant revolts sweeping across China, Zhu Yuanzhang rose to command the force that conquered China and ended the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, forcing the Mongols to retreat to the Central Asian steppes. Zhu claimed the Mandate of Heaven and established the Ming dynasty at the beginning of 1368, later in the same year his army occupied the Yuan capital, Khanbaliq (present-day Beijing). Trusting only in his family, he made his many sons powerful feudal princes along the northern marches and the Yangtze valley. Having outlived his first successor, the Hongwu Emperor enthroned his grandson via a series of instructions; this ended in failure, when the Jianwen Emperor's attempt to unseat his uncles led to the Ming Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424)".
Most of the historical sites related to the Hongwu Emperor are located in Nanjing, the original capital of the Ming dynasty.
Zhu was born into a desperately poor peasant tenant farmer family in Zhongli Village in the Huai River plain, which is in present-day Fengyang, Anhui Province. His father was Zhu Shizhen (朱世珍, original name Zhu Wusi 朱五四) and his mother was Chen Erniang. He had seven older siblings, several of whom were "given away" by his parents, as they did not have enough food to support the family. When he was 16, severe drought ruined the harvest where his family lived. Subsequently, famine killed his entire family, except one of his brothers. He then buried them by wrapping them in white clothes.
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