Jianwen Emperor
| Jianwen Emperor | |||||||||||||||||
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| 2nd Emperor of the Ming Empire | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 30 June 1398 – 13 July 1402 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Hongwu Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Yongle Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Born | 5 December 1377 | ||||||||||||||||
| Died | 13 July 1402 (aged 24)? [Disputed] |
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| Spouse | Empress Xiaominrang | ||||||||||||||||
| Issue |
Zhu Wenkui, Crown Prince Hejian Zhu Wengui, Prince Huai of Run |
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| House | House of Zhu | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Zhu Biao | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Dowager Lü | ||||||||||||||||
| Full name | |
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Family name: Zhu (朱) Given name: Yunwen (允炆) |
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| Era name and dates | |
| Jiànwén (建文): 6 February 1399 – 29 July 1402 | |
| Posthumous name | |
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Emperor Rang (讓皇帝, 1644) |
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| Temple name | |
| Huizong (惠宗, 1644) |
Emperor Rang (讓皇帝, 1644)
The Jianwen Emperor (Chinese: 建文帝; pinyin: Jiànwén Dì; 5 December 1377 – 13 July 1402) was the second emperor of the Ming dynasty in China. His personal name was Zhu Yunwen (朱允炆). The era name of his reign, Jianwen, means "establishing civility" and represented a sharp change in tone from Hongwu ("vastly martial"), the era name of the reign of his grandfather and predecessor, the Hongwu Emperor. His reign did not last long: an attempt to restrain his uncles led to the Jingnan rebellion. The Jianwen Emperor was eventually overthrown by one of his uncles, Zhu Di, who was then enthroned as the Yongle Emperor. Although the Yongle Emperor presented a charred body as Zhu Yunwen's, rumours circulated for decades that the Jianwen Emperor had disguised himself as a Buddhist monk and escaped from the palace when it was set on fire by Zhu Di's forces. Some people speculated that one of the reasons behind why the Yongle Emperor sponsored the admiral Zheng He on his treasure voyages in the early 15th century, was for Zheng He to search for the Jianwen Emperor, who was believed to have survived and fled to Southeast Asia. Some historians believe that the Jianwen Emperor had indeed survived and escaped from Nanjing, but the official histories of the Ming dynasty were modified later during the Qing dynasty to please the Manchu rulers.
Zhu Yunwen's father, Zhu Biao, was the eldest son of Zhu Yuanzhang. He was made crown prince in 1368 after Zhu Yuanzhang founded the Ming dynasty and became known as the Hongwu Emperor. After Zhu Biao died in 1392, the Hongwu Emperor initially considered choosing a successor from among his other sons, who wielded considerable and influence in their respective princedoms throughout the Ming Empire. However, after several months of careful deliberation and discussion with his subjects, he decided to uphold the strict rules of primogeniture laid out in his imperial ancestral instructions, and designated Zhu Biao's son, Zhu Yunwen, as the new crown prince.
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