History of Ireland (1801–1923)

Ireland Éire  (Irish) Airlann  (Ulster Scots)
Part of the United Kingdom
← 1801–1921 →   →
Location of  Ireland in 1920  (dark green) – in Europe  (green & grey) – in the United Kingdom  (green)
Capital		Dublin 53°21′N 6°16′W / 53.350°N 6.267°W / 53.350; -6.267
Government		Part of a constitutional monarchy
Monarch
•	1801–1820	George III (first)
•	1910–1921	George V (last)
Lord Lieutenant
•	1801–1805	Philip Yorke (first)
•	1921	Edmund FitzAlan (last)
History
•	Union with Great Britain	1 January 1801
•	Government of Ireland Act	3 May 1921
Area
•	1801	84,421 km2(32,595 sq mi)
Population
•	1801	5,500,000
	Density	65.1 /km2  (168.7 /sq mi)
•	1841	8,175,000
	Density	96.8 /km2  (250.8 /sq mi)
•	1911	4,390,000
	Density	52 /km2  (134.7 /sq mi)
Today part of		Ireland  United Kingdom

– in Europe  (green & grey)
– in the United Kingdom  (green)

Ireland was part of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 1801 to 1922. For almost all of this period, the island was governed by the UK Parliament in London through its Dublin Castle administration in Ireland. Ireland faced considerable economic difficulties in the 19th century, including the Great Famine of the 1840s. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw a vigorous campaign for Irish Home Rule. While legislation enabling Irish Home Rule was eventually passed, militant and armed opposition from Irish unionists, particularly in Ulster, opposed it. Proclamation was shelved for the duration following the outbreak of World War I. By 1918, however, moderate Irish nationalism had been eclipsed by militant republican separatism.

In 1919, war broke out between republican separatists and British Government forces. In 1920, the British Government partitioned Ireland into two semi-autonomous regions: Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland, intended to be co-ordinated by a Council of Ireland. Upon Royal Assent, the Parliament of Northern Ireland came into being in 1921. However, the institutions of Southern Ireland never became functional. On 11 July 1921, a ceasefire was agreed between the separatists and the British Government. Subsequent negotiations between Sinn Féin, the major Irish party, and the UK government led to the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty which resulted in five-sixths of Ireland seceding from the United Kingdom. Under the terms of The Treaty, the whole island of Ireland was granted Dominion status as the Irish Free State. An opt-out provision for the Northern Ireland region resulted in its decision to remain part of the UK, while the remainder became the Irish Free State.

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Wikipedia