Guangxu Emperor
| Guangxu Emperor 光緒帝 |
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| 11th Qing Emperor of China | |||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 25 February 1875 – 14 November 1908 | ||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Tongzhi Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Xuantong Emperor | ||||||||||||||||
| Regents |
Empress Dowager Ci'an (1875–1881) Empress Dowager Cixi (1875–1908) |
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| Born |
14 August 1871 Prince Chun Mansion, Beijing, China |
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| Died | 14 November 1908 (aged 37) Zhongnanhai, Beijing, China |
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| Burial | Chongling Mausoleum, Western Qing Tombs, China | ||||||||||||||||
| Empress | Empress Xiaodingjing | ||||||||||||||||
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| House | Aisin Gioro | ||||||||||||||||
| Father | Yixuan | ||||||||||||||||
| Mother | Wanzhen | ||||||||||||||||
| Full name | |
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| Chinese: Aixin Jueluo Zaitian (愛新覺羅·載湉) Manchu: Aisin-Gioro hala i Dzai Tiyan Mongolian: Altan-Gioro Sai Tiyan |
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| Era name and dates | |
| Chinese: Guangxu (光緒) Manchu: Badarangga Doro Mongolian: Badaragultu Törü: 6 February 1875 – 21 January 1909 |
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| Posthumous name | |
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Emperor Tongtian Chongyun Dazhong Zhizheng Jingwen Weiwu Renxiao Ruizhi Duanjian Kuanqin Jing (同天崇運大中至正經文緯武仁孝睿智端儉寬勤景皇帝) |
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| Temple name | |
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Qing Dezong (清德宗) |
| Guangxu Emperor | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 光緒帝 | ||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 光绪帝 | ||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Guāngxù Dì |
| Wade–Giles | Kuang1-hsu4 Ti4 |
| IPA | [kwáŋɕŷ tî] |
The Guangxu Emperor (14 August 1871 – 14 November 1908), personal name Zaitian (Manchu: Dzai-Tiyan), was the eleventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the ninth Qing emperor to rule over China. His reign lasted from 1875 to 1908, but in practice he ruled, under Empress Dowager Cixi's influence, only from 1889 to 1898. He initiated the Hundred Days' Reform, but was abruptly stopped when the empress dowager launched a coup in 1898, after which he was put under house arrest until his death. His regnal name, "Guangxu", means "glorious succession".
Zaitian was the second son of Yixuan (Prince Chun), and his primary spouse Yehenara Wanzhen, a younger sister of Empress Dowager Cixi. On 12 January 1875, Zaitian's cousin, the Tongzhi Emperor, died without a son to succeed him. Breaking the imperial convention that a new emperor must always be of a generation after that of the previous emperor, candidates were considered from the generation of the Tongzhi Emperor. Empress Dowager Ci'an suggested choosing one of Prince Gong's sons to be the next emperor, but was overruled by her co-regent, Empress Dowager Cixi. Instead, Cixi nominated Zaitian (her nephew) and the imperial clan agreed with her choice.
Zaitian was named heir and successor to his uncle, the Xianfeng Emperor, rather than his cousin and predecessor, the Tongzhi Emperor, so as to maintain the father-son succession law. He ascended to the throne at the age of four and adopted "Guangxu" as his regnal name, therefore he is known as the "Guangxu Emperor". He was adopted by Empress Dowager Cixi as a son. For her part, she remained as regent under the title "Holy Mother, Empress Dowager" (聖母皇太后) while her co-regent Empress Dowager Ci'an was called "Mother Empress, Empress Dowager" (母后皇太后).
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