Duke Wen of Jin
| Chong'er | |||||
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| Duke Wen of Jin | |||||
_by_Li_Tang_(%E6%9D%8E%E5%94%90),_1140.jpg)
Duke Wen of Jin Recovering His State by Li Tang, 1140
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| Ruler of Jin | |||||
| Reign | 636–628 BC | ||||
| Predecessor | Duke Huai of Jin | ||||
| Successor | Duke Xiang of Jin | ||||
| Born | 697 BC | ||||
| Died | 628 BC (aged 68–69) | ||||
| Spouse |
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| Issue | Botiao (伯鯈) Shuliu (叔劉) Duke Xiang of Jin Duke Cheng of Jin |
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| Father | Duke Xian of Jin | ||||
| Mother | Hu Ji | ||||
| Full name | |
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Ancestral name: Ji Given name: Chong'er |
| Duke Wen of Jin | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 晉文公 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 晋文公 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Chong'er | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 重耳 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | (personal name) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Jìn Wén Gōng |
| Wade–Giles | Chin Wen Kung |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Jeun Màhn Gūng |
| Jyutping | Zeon3 Man4 Gung1 |
| Southern Min | |
| Tâi-lô | Tsìn Bûn Kong |
| Middle Chinese | |
| Middle Chinese | Tsìn Mjun Kuwng |
| Old Chinese | |
| Baxter-Sagart | *Tsi[n]-s Mə[n] C.qˤong |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Chonǵ'ěr |
| Wade–Giles | Ch'ung-erh |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Chùhng-yíh |
| Jyutping | Cung4-ji5 |
| Southern Min | |
| Tâi-lô | Tîng-ní |
| Middle Chinese | |
| Middle Chinese | ɖjuwng-nyí |
| Old Chinese | |
| Baxter-Sagart | *[m]-trong C.nəʔ |
Duke Wen of Jin (Chinese: 晉文公; pinyin: Jìn Wén Gōng; 697 – 628 BC) was from 636 to 628 BC the ruler of the state of Jin during the Spring and Autumn period of ancient China. His ancestral name was Ji (姬), given name Chong'er (重耳), and Duke Wen was his posthumous title. He was the son of Duke Xian of Jin. Zuo Zhuan notes that "his ribs were all grown together," a sign of strength and leadership. Under his rule, Jin expanded rapidly and became the most powerful state.
Prince Chong'er was born to Duke Xian of Jin in 697 BC, and his half-brothers included Shensheng and Xiqi. While Shensheng was the original crown prince, in his later years Duke Xian favoured the concubine Li Ji, who desired her son Xiqi to be heir instead. As such, she plotted to discredit Shensheng before his father, eventually leading to Shensheng's suicide in 656 BC.
This event led to a civil war in Jin, known as the Li Ji Unrest, where Duke Xian led several campaigns against his own sons, forcing them to flee Jin. With a retinue of capable men, including Zhao Cui (趙衰), Hu Yan (狐偃), Wei Chou (魏犨), Jia Tuo (賈佗), Xian Zhen (先軫) and Jie Zhitui (介之推), Chong'er fled to the north. In 651 BC, after the death of Duke Xian led to a succession crisis, Chong'er was invited to return to Jin and assume the duchy, but declined; the throne passed instead to his half-brother Yiwu, who became Duke Hui of Jin.
In 644 BC, after failed assassination attempts by Duke Hui, Chong'er moved to the State of Qi, his mother's homeland. He remained there until yet another succession crisis in Qi in 639 BC, whereupon he fled first to the State of Cao, then the states of Song, Zheng, Chu and finally the State of Qin. Over this 19-year period of exile, Chong'er gained both prestige and talented followers; a lady of a foreign court once commented that "When I look at the followers of the prince of Jin, every one of them is fit to be a premier of a state".
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