Book of Lord Shang
| The Book of Lord Shang | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 商君書 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 商君书 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chinese | 商子 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "[Writings of] Master Shang" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Shāng jūn shū |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Shang jiun shu |
| Wade–Giles | Shang1 chün1 shu1 |
| IPA | [ʂáŋ tɕýn ʂú] |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Sēung gwān syū |
| Jyutping | Soeng1 gwan1 syu1 |
| Southern Min | |
| Hokkien POJ | Siong kun chhu |
| Tâi-lô | Siong kun tshu |
| Old Chinese | |
| Baxter-Sagart | *s-taŋ C.qur s-ta |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Shāngzǐ |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Shangtzyy |
| Wade–Giles | Shang1-tzu3 |
| IPA | [ʂáŋtsɨ̀] |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Sēung-jí |
| Jyutping | Soeng1-zi2 |
| Southern Min | |
| Tâi-lô | Siong-tzú |
| Old Chinese | |
| Baxter-Sagart | *s-taŋ tsəʔ |
The Book of Lord Shang (Chinese: 商君書; pinyin: Shāng jūn shū) is an ancient Chinese text from the 3rd century BC, regarded as a foundational work of "Chinese Legalism". The earliest surviving of such texts (the second being the Han Feizi), it is named for and to some extent attributed to major Qin reformer Shang Yang, who served as minister to Duke Xiao of Qin (r. 361 – 338 BC) from 359 BC until his death in 338 BC and is generally considered to be the father of that state's "legalism". No critical scholar supposes it to have been written by Shang Yang, though "some chapters were almost certainly penned by Shang Yang himself; others may come from the hand of his immediate disciples and followers." Highly composite, it nonetheless forms a "relatively coherent ideological vision", likely reflecting the evolution of what Zheng Liangshu (1989) dubbed Shang Yang’s 'intellectual current' (xuepai 學派).
The Book of Lord Shang includes a large number of ordinances, essays, and courtly petitions attributed to Shang Yang, as well as discourses delivered at the Qin court. The book focuses mainly on maintaining societal order through a system of impartial laws that strictly mete out rewards and punishments for citizens' actions. The first chapters advise promoting agriculture and suppressing other low-priority secondary activities, as well as encouraging martial virtues for use in creating and maintaining a state army for wars of conquest.
The introduction of the freely available J.J.L. Duyvendak edition includes background information, such as short biography and a statement of likelihood that Lord Shang was responsible for the reform that phased out the old land-well system, making land tradeable provided that it would be used productively.
The Book of Lord Shang teaches that "The law is an expression of love for the people... The sage, if he is able to strengthen the state thereby, does not model himself on antiquity, and if he is able to benefit the people thereby, does not adhere to the established rites." As such, the philosophy espoused is quite explicitly anti-Confucian:
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Wikipedia