Dietary supplements

Question

This piglix contains articles or sub-piglix about Dietary supplements

Answer 1

Plumpy%27nut

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Answer 2

Policosanol

Policosanol

Policosanol is the generic term for a mixture of long chain alcohols extracted from plant waxes. It is used as a dietary supplement.

Policosanol was originally derived from sugar cane but the chemicals can also be isolated from beeswax, cereal grains, grasses, leaves, fruits, nuts, and seeds of many foods. Plant waxes consist of very long chain fatty acids that have been esterified to very long chain alcohols. Policosanols are very long chain alcohols with carbon backbones ranging from 24 to 34 carbons.

The first policosanol supplements were produced by Dalmer Laboratories in Cuba; studies conducted and published by that group have found that policosanol is safe and effective as a lipid-lowering agent. However these studies were small, and efforts by groups outside of Cuba have failed to replicate these results.

Meta-analysis in 2005 found that human policosanol consumption is safe and well tolerated and is effective at lowering the blood cholesterol. As of 2010, they were marketed as lipid-lowering agents in the Caribbean, Central and South America, and Canada.

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Answer 3

Poly-MVA

Poly-MVA (or Lipoic Acid Mineral Complex) is a dietary supplement created by Merrill Garnett (1931–), a former dentist turned biochemist. Poly-MVA is an ineffective alternative cancer treatment.

The "MVA" in "Poly-MVA" means "minerals vitamins and amino acids". Poly-MVA contains lipoic acid, acetylcysteine, palladium, B vitamins, and other ingredients. The substance is red-brown liquid that is taken by mouth. Promoters of Poly-MVA refer to it as a "metallo-vitamin".

In 2004, a year's supply of Poly-MVA was reported as costing US$19,800.

Poly-MVA is promoted with claims that it can treat a variety of human diseases including cancer and HIV/AIDS. The promotional effort is supported by customer testimonials, but there is no medical evidence that Poly-MVA confers any health benefit and some concern it may inhibit the effectiveness of mainstream cancer treatments if used at the same time.

In 2005, Poly-MVA was listed as one of the ineffective alternative cancer treatments being sold by the clinics clustered in and around Tijuana, Mexico.

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Answer 4

Polygonatum

Polygonatum

Polygonatum /ˌpɒlᵻˈɡɒnətəm/, also known as King Solomon's-seal or Solomon's seal, is a genus of flowering plants. In the APG III classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Nolinoideae (formerly the family Ruscaceae). It has also been classified in the former family Convallariaceae and, like many lilioid monocots, was formerly classified in the lily family, Liliaceae. The genus is distributed throughout the temperate Northern Hemisphere. Most of the approximately 63 species occur in Asia, with 20 endemic to China.

"Polygonatum" comes from the ancient Greek for "many knees", referring to the multiple jointed rhizome. One explanation for the derivation of the common name "Solomon's seal" is that the roots bear depressions which resemble royal seals. Another is that the cut roots resemble Hebrew characters.

The fruits are red or black berries.

As of June 2014^[update], the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepts 74 species and hybrids:

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Answer 5

Porphyridium cruentum

Porphyridium cruentum is a species of red alga in the family Porphyridiophyceae.

The microalga Porphyridium sp. (Rhodophyta) is a potential source for several products like fatty acids, lipids, cell-wall polysaccharides and pigments . The polysaccharides of this species are sulphated and their structure gives rise to some unique properties that could lead to a broad range of industrial and pharmaceutical applications. Additionally, P. cruentum biomass contains carbohydrates of up to 57% have been reported. Thus, the combined amount of carbohydrates in biomass and exopolysaccharides of this microalga could potentially provide the source for bio-fuel and pharmaceutical

The genus Porphyridium has been classified among blue-green, red, and green algae.

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Answer 6

PowerBar

PowerBar, Inc. is an American maker of energy bars and other related products (particularly sports drinks, gel-based foodstuffs for distance athletes, and the Pria bars targeted at women.

The PowerBar company was founded by Brian Maxwell, a Canadian athlete and entrepreneur and Mike McCollum, in his kitchen with Maxwell's girlfriend, Jennifer Biddulph, a nutritionist who later became his wife. They used $55,000 in cash to launch the company in 1986 in Berkeley, California. This was the first "energy bar" for use by endurance athletes, such as ultra marathoners, jiu jitsu practitioners and cyclists, while competing. He eventually acquired a headquarters building in downtown Berkeley.

The company eventually earned $150 million in sales before being purchased by Nestlé in 2000 for $375 million.

In February 2007, PowerBar moved its headquarters from Berkeley, California to the Nestlé headquarters in Glendale, California. With the move came the hiring of an entirely new marketing team.

On February 3, 2014, Post Holdings announced it has reached an agreement to acquire PowerBar, Musashi and related worldwide assets from Nestlé.

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Wikipedia

Answer 7

Protandim

LifeVantage

Protandim is a patenteddietary supplement marketed by LifeVantage Corporation (NASDAQ: LFVN; formerly LifeLine Therapeutics, Lifeline Nutraceuticals, and Yaak River Resources, Inc), a Utah-based multi-level marketing company. The manufacturers of Protandim claim the product can indirectly increase antioxidant activity by upregulating endogenous antioxidant factors such as the enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase, as well as the tripeptide glutathione. Like all dietary supplements, Protandim has not been evaluated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and "is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease." No published peer-review studies have ever shown it effective in humans.

In 2003, Lifeline Therapeutics, a privately held Denver-based nutraceutical licensing and marketing company, entered into a agreement with Massachusetts biotechnology company CereMedix for the rights to market CMX-1152, an experimental peptide-based compound, under the brand name "Protandim" (also sometimes referred to at that time as "Rholen," "Rejuven8r" and "ependymin"). CereMedix was a ten percent owner of Lifeline and members of the CereMedix management board served on Lifeline’s board of directors. CMX-1152 was claimed to upregulate the production of the endogenous antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, and to offset the ageing process.

CMX-1152 was due to be marketed as an over the counter anti-aging pill in June 2004 after completing human clinical trials. However, plans to market the CMX-1152 version of Protandim fell through and in April 2004 Lifeline Therapeutics announced that it would instead be marketing a different (non-peptide) dietary supplement under the name “Protandim CF” (to distinguish it from the peptide version initially developed by Cermedix). The new version of Protandim, a combination of 5 common herbal ingredients including turmeric and green tea was invented following “months of extensive research and development” by Lifeline employees Paul Myhill and William Driscoll (a former oil company executive), who together hold the patent on the product, and it was launched in February 2005. Myhill and Driscoll resigned from the company later that year.

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Answer 8

Pyridoxamine

Pyridoxamine

Pyridoxamine is one form of vitamin B₆. Chemically it is based on a pyridine ring structure, with hydroxyl, methyl, aminomethyl, and hydroxymethyl substituents. It differs from pyridoxine by the substituent at the 4-position. The phenol at position 3 and aminomethyl group at position 4 of its ring endow pyridoxamine with a variety of chemical properties, including the scavenging of free radical species and carbonyl species formed in sugar and lipid degradation and chelation of metal ions that catalyze Amadori reactions.

Pyridoxamine can form fairly weak complexes with a number of transition metal ions, with a preference for Cu²⁺ and Fe³⁺. The 3'-hydroxyl group of pyridoxamine allows for efficient hydroxyl radical scavenging.

Pyridoxamine inhibits the Maillard reaction and can block the formation of advanced glycation endproducts, which are associated with medical complications of diabetes. Pyridoxamine is hypothesized to trap intermediates in the formation of Amadori products released from glycated proteins, possibly preventing the breakdown of glycated proteins by disrupting the catalysis of this process through disruptive interactions with the metal ions crucial to the redox reaction. One research study found that pyridoxamine specifically reacts with the carbonyl group in Amadori products, but inhibition of post-Amadori reactions (that can lead to advanced glycation endproducts) is due in much greater part to the metal chelation effects of pyridoxamine.

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Answer 9

Radio Malt

Radio Malt was an early to mid-20th century brand of malt extract preparation that followed the Minadex trend. Produced by British Drug Houses, it contained vitamin A, aneurine hydrochloride, riboflavin, and calciferol. The contents were sickly sweet, with a consistency between molasses and treacle. It is much loved by George Molesworth ("Molesworth 2"), brother of the classic schoolboy character Nigel Molesworth.

Radio Malt was being sold in the UK by the mid-1920s and was studied at this time as a treatment for rickets. In India it was trademarked in 1942.

A favourite of film producer and politician David Puttnam, Radio Malt was often used in English boarding schools in an attempt to change skinny young girls into prettier roundness and given to post-World War II children to give them more bulk.

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Answer 10

Rehmannia

Rehmannia

See text

Rehmannia is a genus of six species of flowering plants in the order Lamiales, endemic to China.

The genus was included in the family Scrophulariaceae or Gesneriaceae in some older classifications. The current placement of the genus is in neither Scrophulariaceae s.s. nor Plantaginaceae s.l. (to which many other former Scrophulariaceae have been transferred). Earlier molecular studies suggested that its closest relatives were the genera Lancea and Mazus (Oxelman et al., 2005), which have been included in Phrymaceae (Beardsley & Olmstead, 2002). Subsequently, it was found (Xie et al., 2009) that Rehmannia and Triaenophora are jointly the sister group to Lindenbergia and the parasitic Orobanchaceae. Recently, the latest classification of flowering plants, the APG IV, enlarged Orobanchaceae to include Rehmannia, making it the only other genus, along with Lindenbergia, to not be parasitic within the family.

Sometimes known as Chinese Foxglove due to its superficial resemblance to the genus Digitalis, the species of Rehmannia are perennial herbs. The plants have large flowers and are grown as ornamental garden plants in Europe and North America, and are used medicinally in Asia.

Known as dìhuáng (地黄) or gān dìhuáng () in Chinese, R. glutinosa is used as a medicinal herb for arthritic conditions within Chinese traditional formulations.

Rehmannia contains the vitamins A, B, C, and D, as well as other compounds, such as catalpol, an iridoid glycoside, that has been shown to exert protective effects on dopaminergic neurons in aged rats to help inhibit microglial activation, thereby reducing the production of pro-inflammatory factors.

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