Zhenren

Zhenren (Chinese: 真人; pinyin: zhēnrén; Wade–Giles: chen-jen; literally: "true or genuine person") is a Chinese term that first appeared in the Zhuangzi meaning "Daoist spiritual master", roughly translatable as "Perfected Person". Religious Daoism mythologized zhenren to rank above xian "transcendent; immortal" in the celestial hierarchy, while Chinese Buddhism used it to translate arhat "enlightened one".

The common Chinese word zhen 真 "true; real; authentic" is linguistically unusual. It was originally written with an ideogram (one of the rarest types in Chinese character classification) depicting "spiritual transformation". It originated in the Daoist Dao De Jing and does not appear in the early Confucian classics.

The archaic Chinese character 眞 was reduced into 真, which is the Traditional Chinese character, Simplified Chinese character, and Japanese Kanji. (Note the slight font variation between Chinese 真 and Japanese 真: when enlarged，the Japanese character reveals separation between the central and lower parts.) This modern character 真 appears to derive from wu 兀 "stool" under zhi 直 "straight", but the ancient 眞 has hua 匕 (a reduced variant of 化) "upside-down person; transformation" at the top, rather than shi 十 "10". This antiquated zhen 眞 derives from Seal Script characters (4th-3rd centuries BCE). It is tentatively identified in the earlier Bronzeware script (with 匕 over ding 鼎 "cooking vessel; tripod; cauldron") and unidentified in the earliest Oracle bone script.

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