Zhan Guo Ce
| Zhan Guo Ce | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 戰國策 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 战国策 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | "Strategies of the Warring States" | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Zhànguó cè |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Jann-gwo tseh |
| Wade–Giles | Chan4-kuo2 ts'e4 |
| IPA | [ʈʂân kwǒ tsʰɤ̂] |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Jin-gwok chaak |
| Jyutping | Zin3 gwok3 caak3 |
| Southern Min | |
| Hokkien POJ | Chiàn-kok chhek |
| Tâi-lô | Tsiàn-kok tshik |
| Middle Chinese | |
| Middle Chinese | dʒèn kwok tʂʰeak |
| Old Chinese | |
| Baxter-Sagart | *tar-s [C.q]ʷˤək [tsʰ](r)ek |
The Strategies of the Warring States (Chinese: 戰國策; literally: "Strategies of the Warring States") is an ancient Chinese text that contains anecdotes of political manipulation and warfare during the Warring States period (5th to 3rd centuries BCE). It is an important text of the Warring States Period as it describes the strategies and political views of the School of Diplomacy and reveals the historical and social characteristics of the period.
The author of Zhan Guo Ce has not yet been verified: it is generally deemed, after Zhang Xincheng, that the book was not written by a single author at one time. It is thought to have been composed by Su Qin and his peers before being obtained by Liu Xiang. Unlike most of the pre-Qin classics, the authenticity of Zhan Guo Ce, along with the Shijing, Mozi, Yulingzi and Gongsun Longzi had never been questioned since the Western Han period. The earliest to assert the texts were apocryphal scriptures was perhaps the compiler of the Annotated Catalogue of the Siku Quanshu, but he provided no warrant for it. In 1931, Luo Genze put forward an argument that the book was composed by Kuai Tong (Chinese: 蒯通) in his two papers based on six conclusions which he drew, a contemporary of Han Xin. Although this argument had been seconded by Jin Dejian (1932) and Zu Zhugeng (1937), but by 1939 it was refuted by Zhang Xincheng.
The six versions of written works from the School of Diplomacy were discovered by Liu Xiang during his editing and proofreading of the imperial literary collection. Those works of political views and diplomatic strategies from the School of Diplomacy were in poor condition, with confusing contents and missing words. Liu Xiang proofread and edited them into the new book under the title Zhan Guo Ce; it was therefore not written by a single author at one time.
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