Golden Horde Ulus of Jochi nb |
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Зүчийн улс | |||||
Nomadic empire Division of the Mongol Empire |
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Capital | Sarai Batu | ||||
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Religion |
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Government | Semi-elective monarchy, later hereditary monarchy | ||||
Khan | |||||
• | 1226–1280 | Orda Khan (White Horde) | |||
• | 1242–1255 | Batu Khan (Blue Horde) | |||
• | 1379–1395 | Tokhtamysh | |||
• | 1435–1459 | Küchük Muhammad (Great Horde) | |||
• | 1481–1498, 1499–1502 | Shaykh Ahmad | |||
Legislature | Kurultai | ||||
Historical era | Late Middle Ages | ||||
• | Established after the Mongol invasion of Rus' | 1240s | |||
• | Blue Horde and White Horde united | 1379 | |||
• | Disintegrated into Great Horde | 1466 | |||
• | Last remnant subjugated by the Crimean Khanate | 1502 | |||
Area | |||||
• | 1310 | 6,000,000 km² (2,316,613 sq mi) | |||
nb Their state came to be known in historiography as the Golden Horde or the ulus ("people" or "patrimony") of Djochi, while the contemporaries simply referred to it as the Great Horde (ulu orda). |
Flag of the Golden Horde, as shown in the Catalan Atlas (other sources illustrate that the Golden Horde was known for the yellow color of the khan's flag and trappings.)
The Golden Horde (Mongolian: Алтан Ордын улс Altan Ordīn uls; Russian: Золотая Орда, tr. Zolotaja Orda; Tatar: Алтын Урда Altın Urda) was a Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century and originating as the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. With the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire after 1259 it became a functionally separate khanate. It is also known as the Kipchak Khanate or as the Ulus of Jochi.
After the death of Batu Khan (the founder of the Golden Horde) in 1255, his dynasty flourished for a full century, until 1359, though the intrigues of Nogai did instigate a partial civil war in the late 1290s. The Horde's military power peaked during the reign of Uzbeg (1312–1341), who adopted Islam. The territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the Danube River, and extended east deep into Siberia. In the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains, and the territories of the Mongol dynasty known as the Ilkhanate.