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Tetrachloromethane

Carbon tetrachloride
Structural formula of carbon tetrachloride
Space-filling model carbon tetrachloride
Carbon tetrachloride
Names
IUPAC name
Carbon tetrachloride, Tetrachloromethane
Other names
Benziform, Benzinoform, Carbon chloride, Carbon tet, Freon-10, Refrigerant-10, Halon-104, Methane tetrachloride, Methyl tetrachloride, Perchloromethane, Tetraform, Tetrasol
Identifiers
3D model (Jmol)
ChEBI
ChemSpider
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.239
EC Number 200-262-8
KEGG
PubChem CID
RTECS number FG4900000
UNII
UN number 1846
Properties
CCl4
Molar mass 153.81 g·mol−1
Appearance colourless liquid
Odor ether-like odor
Density 1.5867 g cm−3 (liquid)

1.831 g cm−3 at −186 °C (solid)
1.809 g cm−3 at −80 °C (solid)

Melting point −22.92 °C (−9.26 °F; 250.23 K)
Boiling point 76.72 °C (170.10 °F; 349.87 K)
0.097 g/100 mL (0 °C)
0.081 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Solubility soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, naphtha, CS2, formic acid
log P 2.64
Vapor pressure 11.94 kPa at 20 °C
2.76x10−2 atm-cu m/mol
-66.60·10−6 cm3/mol
1.4607
0 D
Structure
Monoclinic
Tetragonal
Tetrahedral
0 D
Thermochemistry
132.6 J/mol K
214.42 J/mol K
-139.3 kJ/mol
-686 kJ/mol
Hazards
Safety data sheet See: data page
ICSC 0024
Toxic T Dangerous for the Environment (Nature) N
R-phrases (outdated) R23/24/25, R40, R48/23, R59, R52/53
S-phrases (outdated) (S1/2), S23, S36/37, S45, S59, S61
NFPA 704
Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g., water Health code 3: Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury. E.g., chlorine gas Reactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g., liquid nitrogen Special hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
Flash point Non-flammable
982 °C (1,800 °F; 1,255 K)
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)
2350 mg/kg
5400 ppm (mammal)
8000 ppm (rat, 4 hr)
9526 ppm (mouse, 8 hr)
1000 ppm (human)
20,000 ppm (guinea pig, 2 hr)
38,110 ppm (cat, 2 hr)
50,000 ppm (human, 5 min)
14,620 ppm (dog, 8 hr)
US health exposure limits (NIOSH):
PEL (Permissible)
TWA 10 ppm C 25 ppm 200 ppm (5-minute maximum peak in any 4 hours)
REL (Recommended)
Ca ST 2 ppm (12.6 mg/m3) [60-minute]
IDLH (Immediate danger)
200 ppm
Related compounds
Other cations
Silicon tetrachloride
Germanium tetrachloride
Tin tetrachloride
Lead tetrachloride
Related chloromethanes
Chloromethane
Dichloromethane
Chloroform
Related compounds
Tetrafluoromethane
Tetrabromomethane
Tetraiodomethane
Supplementary data page
Refractive index (n),
Dielectric constantr), etc.
Thermodynamic
data
Phase behaviour
solid–liquid–gas
UV, IR, NMR, MS
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY  (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references

1.831 g cm−3 at −186 °C (solid)
1.809 g cm−3 at −80 °C (solid)

Carbon tetrachloride, also known by many other names (the most notable being tetrachloromethane, also recognized by the IUPAC, carbon tet in the cleaning industry, Halon-104 in firefighting, and Refrigerant-10 in HVACR) is an organic compound with the chemical formula CCl4. It was formerly widely used in fire extinguishers, as a precursor to refrigerants and as a cleaning agent. It is a colourless liquid with a "sweet" smell that can be detected at low levels. It has practically no flammability at lower temperatures.

Carbon tetrachloride was originally synthesized by the French chemist Henri Victor Regnault in 1839 by the reaction of chloroform with chlorine, but now it is mainly produced from methane:

The production often utilizes by-products of other chlorination reactions, such as from the syntheses of dichloromethane and chloroform. Higher chlorocarbons are also subjected to "chlorinolysis":

Prior to the 1950s, carbon tetrachloride was manufactured by the chlorination of carbon disulfide at 105 to 130 °C:

The production of carbon tetrachloride has steeply declined since the 1980s due to environmental concerns and the decreased demand for CFCs, which were derived from carbon tetrachloride. In 1992, production in the U.S./Europe/Japan was estimated at 720,000 tonnes.

In the carbon tetrachloride molecule, four chlorine atoms are positioned symmetrically as corners in a tetrahedral configuration joined to a central carbon atom by single covalent bonds. Because of this symmetrical geometry, CCl4 is non-polar. Methane gas has the same structure, making carbon tetrachloride a halomethane. As a solvent, it is well suited to dissolving other non-polar compounds, fats, and oils. It can also dissolve iodine. It is somewhat volatile, giving off vapors with a smell characteristic of other chlorinated solvents, somewhat similar to the tetrachloroethylene smell reminiscent of dry cleaners' shops.


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Wikipedia

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