Sun Quan
| Sun Quan | |
|---|---|
Portrait of Sun Quan by Yan Liben.
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| Emperor of Eastern Wu | |
| Born | 182 Xiapi, Xu Commandery, Han Empire |
| Died | 252 (aged 70) Jianye, Eastern Wu |
| Reign | 229–252 |
| Successor | Sun Liang |
| Names | |
| Traditional Chinese | 孫權 |
| Simplified Chinese | 孙权 |
| Pinyin | Sūn Quán |
| Wade–Giles | Sun1 Ch'üan2 |
| Courtesy name | Zhongmou (traditional Chinese: 仲謀; simplified Chinese: 仲谋; pinyin: Zhòngmóu; Wade–Giles: Chung-mou) |
| Posthumous name | Emperor Da (Chinese: 大帝) |
| Era names |
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| Temple name | Taizu (Chinese: 太祖; pinyin: Tàizǔ; Wade–Giles: Tai-tsu) |
| Sun Quan | |||||||||||||||||||||||
.svg)
"Sun Quan" in Traditional (top) and Simplified (bottom) Chinese characters
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| Chinese | 孙权 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
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| Standard Mandarin | |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Suen Chyuan |
| IPA | [su̯ə́n tɕʰy̯ɛ̌n] |
| Wu | |
| Suzhounese | Sen Jyœ́ |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Syūn Kyùhn |
| Jyutping | Syun1 Kyun4 |
| Southern Min | |
| Hokkien POJ | Sun Khoân |
Sun Quan (182–252),courtesy name Zhongmou, formally known as Emperor Da of Wu (lit. "Great Emperor of Wu"), was the founder of the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms period. He inherited control of the warlord state founded by his elder brother Sun Ce in 200. He declared formal independence and ruled from 222 to 229 as "King of Wu" and from 229 to 252 as the "Emperor of Wu". Unlike his rivals Cao Cao and Liu Bei, Quan governed his empire mostly separate of politics and ideology, he is sometimes portrayed as neutral considering he accommodated the wills of both his rivals but only when it benefited his state of Wu and never fully attempted to conquer his rivals, although most of historians would cite his lack of logistical resources to do so.
Sun Quan was born in Xiapi while his father Sun Jian served there. After Sun Jian's death in the early 190s, he and his family lived at various cities on the lower Yangtze River, until his older brother Sun Ce carved out a warlord state in the region of present-day Zhejiang, based on his own followers and a number of local clan allegiances. When Sun Ce was assassinated by the retainers of Xu Gong in 200, the eighteen-year-old Sun Quan inherited the lands southeast of the Yangtze River from his brother. His administration proved to be relatively stable in those early years as Sun Jian and Sun Ce's most senior officers, such as Zhou Yu, Zhang Zhao, Zhang Hong, and Cheng Pu supported the succession. Thus throughout the 200s, Sun Quan, under the tutelage of his able advisers, continued to build up his strength along the Yangtze River. In early 207, his forces finally won complete victory over Huang Zu, a military leader under Liu Biao, who dominated the middle Yangtze.
In winter of that year, the northern warlord Cao Cao led an army of some 830,000 to conquer the south to complete the reunification of China. Two distinct factions emerged at his court on how to handle the situation. One, led by Zhang Zhao, urged surrender whilst the other, led by Zhou Yu and Lu Su, opposed capitulation. In the finality, Sun Quan decided to oppose Cao Cao in the middle Yangtze with his superior riverine forces. Allied with Liu Bei and employing the combined strategies of Zhou Yu and Huang Gai, they defeated Cao Cao decisively at the Battle of Red Cliffs.
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