Sima Xiangru
| Sima Xiangru | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 司馬相如 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 司马相如 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Literal meaning | (personal name) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Sīmǎ Xiāngrú |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Symaa Shiangru |
| Wade–Giles | Ssu1-ma3 Hsiang1-ju2 |
| IPA | [sɨ́.mà ɕjáŋ.ɻǔ] |
| Wu | |
| Romanization | Sy-mo Sian-zyu |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Sī-màh Sēung-yùh |
| Jyutping | Si1-maa4 Soeng1-jyu4 |
| Southern Min | |
| Tâi-lô | Su-má Siong-jû |
| Middle Chinese | |
| Middle Chinese | Si-má Sjang-nyo |
| Old Chinese | |
| Baxter-Sagart | *s-lə mˤraʔ [s]ang na |
Sima Xiangru (pronounced [sɨ́.mà ɕjáŋ.ɻǔ], Chinese: 司馬相如; c. 179 – 117 BC) was an ancient Chinese poet, writer, musician, and official who lived during the Western Han Dynasty. Sima is a significant figure in the history of Classical Chinese poetry, and is generally regarded as the greatest of all composers of Chinese fu rhapsodies. His poetry includes his invention or at least development of the fu form, applying new metrical rhythms to the lines of poetry, which he mixed with lines of prose, and provided with several of what would in ensuing centuries become among a group of common set topics for this genre. He was also versatile enough to write in the Chu ci style, while it was enjoying a renaissance, and he also wrote lyrics in what would become known as the yuefu formal style.
Sima Xiangru was born in the commandery of Shu (modern Sichuan Province) in the early 2nd century BC. His birth year is generally given as 179 BC, but other sources give it variously as 172, 171, or 169 BC. Most sources agree that he was born in Chengdu, though the 19th-century scholar Wang Peixun proposed he may actually have been from Pengzhou (modern Peng'an County).
Little is known of Sima's family and ancestry. His family may have been descended from Sima Cuo (司馬錯; fl. 316–280 BC), a Qin general who led Qin's invasion of Shu in the late 4th century BC. During his youth he is said to have been a studious child who read widely, and to have been a lover of swordsmanship. As a youth, Sima took the name "Xiangru" out of admiration for the Warring States period leader Lin Xiangru.
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