Second Vienna Award
Hungarian Foreign Minister István Csáky signing the agreement
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| Signed | 30 August 1940 |
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| Location | Vienna |
| Signatories |
 Nazi Germany Italy Hungary Romania
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| Hungarian invasion of Northern Transylvania | |||||||||
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.jpg) Hungarian Regent Miklós Horthy entering Szatmárnémeti on 5 September 1940 |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
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Romania
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Hungary Supported by: Nazi Germany Italy
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Unknown |
Miklós Horthy Vilmos Nagy Gusztáv Jány
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| Strength | |||||||||
| Unknown |
First Army Second Army |
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| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
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Romanian military: Unknown Romanian civilians: Hundreds killed |
Hungarian military: 4 killed (presumably) Several tanks damaged Hungarian civilians: Unknown |
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The Second Vienna Award was the second of two territorial disputes arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Rendered on 30 August 1940, it reassigned the territory of Northern Transylvania (including all of Maramureș and part of Crișana) from Romania to Hungary.
After World War I, the multi-ethnic Kingdom of Hungary was split apart by the Treaty of Trianon to form several new nation-states, but Hungary claimed that the new state borders did not follow the real ethnic boundaries. The new Magyar nation-state of Hungary was about a third the size of former Hungary, and millions of ethnic Magyars were to be left outside the Hungarian borders. Many historically important areas of Hungary were assigned to other countries, and the distribution of natural resources came out unevenly as well. Thus, while the various non-Magyar populations of the old Kingdom generally saw the treaty as justice for the historically-marginalized nationalities, from the Hungarian point of view the Treaty had been deeply unjust, a national humiliation and a real tragedy.
The Treaty and its consequences dominated Hungarian public life and political culture in the inter-war period. Moreover, the Hungarian government swung then more and more to the right; eventually, under Regent Miklós Horthy, Hungary established close relations with Benito Mussolini's Italy and Adolf Hitler's Germany. The alliance with Nazi Germany made possible Hungary's regaining of southern Czechoslovakia in the First Vienna Award of 1938 and Subcarpathia in 1939. But neither that nor the subsequent military conquest of Carpathian Ruthenia in 1939 satisfied Hungarian political ambitions. These awards allocated only a fraction of the territories lost by the Treaty of Trianon, anyway the loss that the Hungarians resented the most was that of Transylvania ceded to the Romanians.
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Wikipedia