Second Philippine War

Philippine–American War Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano
Clockwise from top left: U.S. troops in Manila, Gregorio del Pilar and his troops around 1898, Americans guarding Pasig River bridge in 1898, the Battle of Santa Cruz, Filipino soldiers at Malolos, the Battle of Quingua
Date February 4, 1899 – July 2, 1902 (3 years, 4 months and 4 weeks) Moro Rebellion: 1899–1913 Location Philippines Result American victory American occupation of the Philippines; dissolution of the First Philippine Republic Territorial changes The Philippines becomes an unincorporated territory of the United States and, later, a U.S. Commonwealth (until 1946).
Belligerents
1899–1902  United States Military Government United States Army United States Navy Macabebe Scouts	1899–1902  Philippine Republic Philippine Republican Army Republic of Negros Babaylanes Pulajanes Republic of Zamboanga Limited foreign support:  Japan Shishi
1902–1913  United States Insular Government Philippine Scouts Philippine Constabulary	1902–1906 Tagalog Republic Irrenconcilables 1899–1913  Sulu Sultanate Moro people
Commanders and leaders
William McKinley † Theodore Roosevelt Elwell Stephen Otis Arthur MacArthur, Jr. Wesley Merritt Loyd Wheaton Thomas M. Anderson Joseph Wheeler John J. Pershing Jacob H. Smith Henry Lawton † Frederick N. Funston Leonard Wood James Francis Smith Adna Chaffee J. Franklin Bell Peyton C. March Luther Hare	Emilio Aguinaldo Apolinario Mabini Antonio Luna † Artemio Ricarte José Alejandrino Hilaria del Rosario Miguel Malvar Gregorio Del Pilar † Manuel Tinio Pio del Pilar Juan Cailles Macario Sakay  Dionisio Seguela Teresa Magbanua Vicente Alvarez Jamal ul-Kiram II Datu Amil Hara Tei
Strength
≈126,000 total ≈24,000 to ≈44,000 field strength	≈80,000–100,000 regular and irregular
Casualties and losses
4,234–6,165 killed, 2,818 wounded	16,000–1,500,000 killed
Filipino civilians: 1,000,000 killed; an additional 200,000 died from cholera

American victory

≈126,000 total

The Philippine–American War (also referred to as the Filipino-American War, the Philippine War, the Philippine Insurrection, the Tagalog Insurgency;Filipino: Digmaang Pilipino-Amerikano; Spanish: Guerra Filipino-Estadounidense) was an armed conflict between the First Philippine Republic and the United States that lasted from February 4, 1899, to July 2, 1902. The Filipinos saw the conflict as a continuation of the Filipino struggle for independence that began in 1896 with the Philippine Revolution; the U.S. government regarded it as an insurrection. The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain, ending the Spanish–American War.

Fighting erupted between forces of the United States and those of the Philippine Republic on February 4, 1899, in what became known as the Second Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Republic officially declared war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 2, 1902, with a victory for the United States. However, some Philippine groups—led by veterans of the Katipunan—continued to battle the American forces for several more years. Among those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Republic", formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups continued hostilities in remote areas and islands, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, until their final defeat at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.

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